‘Paradise Lost’

Paradise Lost begins and ends with Man, but this is not Man as we know him in daily life, nor indeed as he is usually depicted in literature, but a perfect, pre-lapsarian Man. The primary concern of this epic poem appears to be â€Å"man's first disobedience†2 and the results of that action. However, although Milton uses the word â€Å"man†, it is universally understood that it was not a man, but a woman who disobeyed God and brought about the downfall of the human race. This woman is Eve. Diane Kelsey McColley in her book Milton's Eve asserts that the â€Å"story of our first parents shows woman as flesh, passions, nature, and sexuality seducing man as soul, reason, spiritual virtue and contemplation from his proper relation to God†.3 The portrayal of Eve as primordial temptress is a long-standing one and can be found not only discursively in literary history but also pictorially in art history, and these traditions are perhaps accountable for the reductive opinion of Eve today. Before Paradise Lost, literary accounts of the Fall interpreted the story as male virtue undone by female concupiscence and masculine reason undermined by feminine passion. This blame for Eve as Adam's inferior perhaps originates from the source of the story, the book of Genesis. When God discovered that the apple had been eaten, He inquired of Adam whether he had eaten from the tree of knowledge. Unquestionably accepting his answer that the blame should be heaped on Eve, for it was she who had given it to him, He then proceeded to accuse her for the disobedience: â€Å"And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done?† (Genesis 3:13) 4 This accusation is directed only at Eve, as God assumes Adam's view that she is the one to blame. When the Lord comes to dealing with punishment for their actions, it would appear that Adam's wrongdoing was primarily in the fact that he listened to and obeyed his wife, as this action is the one God stresses firstly and unnecessarily; with the eating of the apple – and thus the contravening of His law – coming as a secondary citation for punishment: â€Å"And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten from the tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Genesis 3:17) 5 It may be surprising that even after the easing of patristic restrictions on women's liberty resulting from the Reformation, Puritan and moderate Anglican writers still continued to echo the reductive view of Eve and therefore women in general. Such a case is John Donne, who draws on the established authority of the Bible and shares such opinions as: â€Å"†¦ye wives, be in subjection to your husbands;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I Peter 3:1) â€Å"†¦ye husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I Peter 3:7)6 The idea that women are â€Å"weaker†, secondary beings who lack in some way the virtues and the higher intellect of men, is reinforced as an established idea by Aristotle's statement that the female is â€Å"a deformity†¦of nature†¦perhaps rather bad than good†, and Plato's that men are reborn as women if they have been â€Å"cowards or led unrighteous lives†.7 It is perhaps a result of these ingrained ideas, that painters and poets have rarely captured what Milton dwells on in his epic, the innocent pre-lapsarian lives of Adam and Eve, and instead have focused on the temptation and downfall of the first man and woman and its symbols – Adam, Eve, the serpent and the tree. Within these portraits, there can be found many depictions of Eve. She is predominantly wanton in one, and yet frailly dignified in another; but in all can be found an emphasis on her fantastic beauty, which is presented as a glorious attribute and yet a cunning snare – ultimately the source of the loss of the paradisal garden she embodies. McColley discusses some examples of this iconographic tradition in her book, including Raphael's ceiling fresco, Stanza della Segnatura.8 The tree of knowledge stands between Adam and Eve, literally and symbolically the object that divides them. Encircling this instrument of division is the catalyst of the Fall, the serpent, half-hidden in the shade of the tree. Adam, half-sitting, gazes at the tree with his palm outstretched, mirroring Eve's gesture. However, she is standing upright in the dominant position, openly gazing at him with a knowing look full of concupiscence and temptation. It is difficult to observe from the print in the book, but McColley states that not only is the serpent â€Å"half woman; it is a shadowed Eve: the same half-turned face, straight nose, bowed mouth, and rounded breasts, the same hair†¦waved back over the left shoulder and hanging loose on the right, each grasping a limb of the tree, their heads nearly touching, and each bending on Adam the same provocative gaze.†9 This image of Eve as the beautiful and debilitating seductress, akin with the serpent, represents the dark and dangerous side of the Fall and of Eve herself. This representation suggests to the viewer, by linking beauty and sexuality with the Fall, that Eve's qualities were inherently corruptive. If this is the case – and I do not necessarily believe this to be true – then the God who created her and gave her to Adam to be â€Å"fit help†(VIII: 450),10 would be, as the fallen Adam claims, baiting a trap. To see Milton's Fall as the central action of the poem in this way, with pre-conceived ideas of sin and blame falling on Eve's head, would be to see and stress the darkest and most sinister side of each image and allusion that Milton makes. However, if we regard creation and the regeneration of life after the Fall as just, if not more, important, then we shall see patterns of positive and redeeming features in Eve's behaviour and be able to foresee possible redem ption and regeneration. The main areas of contention which surround and shape the ideas both of how Eve is perceived, and her role in the Fall, are her relationship to and separation from Adam, her behaviour during the temptation, and whether she was in a sense ‘fallen' before the event itself. Eve, made from a rib of Adam, is traditionally seen as his inferior, â€Å"not equal, as their sex not equal seemed† (IV: 296)11 and her servitude justified on the basis that Adam is â€Å"for God only, she for God in him† (IV: 299)12. However, although this is echoed in the Bible's â€Å"bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh†,13 it could be said that the direct distinction in these quotations between Adam's hierarchical position and that of Eve's is only described by the narrator's voice depicting what Satan saw. To analyse the statement in this way then, is to question the validity of Satan's observations and whether his definition of Adam and Eve is to be trusted as correct, and to question whether the narrator is in part responsible for reflecting the expectations of his audience.14 In pre-lapsarian scenes, Milton shows that Eve has a growing sense of responsibility as her understanding of the opportunities of her calling becomes greater. This is evident in her conversational language which combines questioning, reflection, wit and gaiety: â€Å"†¦we in our appointed work employed Have finished happy in our mutual help And mutual love, the crown of all our bliss †¦and this delicious place For us too large†¦ But thou hast promised from us two a race To fill the earth, who shall with us extol Thy goodness infinite†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IV: 726-734) 15 Even her choice of love for Adam over the narcissistic self-love she revelled in when first in the Garden, and her faithful toil for the God who created her reveals her virtues as a strong, determined, generous and selfless person, so why not, therefore, worthy of being Adam's equal? Although there appears to be an insistence – despite some evidence to the contrary – on the essential masculine authority of Adam, the reader should not be blinded to the fact that Eve is as necessary to Adam's fulfilment as he is to hers. They naturally complement each other and without the other neither would be complete: â€Å"For contemplation he and valour formed, For softness she and sweet attractive grace† (IV: 297-8)16 This complementary nature could even be seen to stretch to a mutual need and dependency: â€Å"†¦I†¦. †¦enjoying thee Pre-eminent by so much odds, while thou Like consort to thyself canst nowhere find.† (IV: 445-48)17 However, this argument is perhaps most reinforced by the narrator's first description of the pair, when Eve is included in all the valued qualities usually solely attributed to Adam: â€Å"Two of far nobler shape erect and tall, Godlike erect, with native honour clad In naked majesty seemed lords of all, And worthy seemed, for in their looks divine The image of their glorious Maker shone, Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IV: 288-293)18 This sharing of attributes and the responsibilities inherent to God's first man and woman are also illustrated by the clear parallel of Adam having the power to name the animals (VIII: 350-354) and Eve possessing an equal power to name the flowers (XI: 277). The first parents, as an equal couple, â€Å"perfectly incarnate the proper relations and actions of the two sexes†19. The idea that pre-lapsarian Adam and Eve had a sexual relationship causes much debate amongst critics. Whether such intimate relations were appropriate for the innocent and perfect pair is debatable, but I believe that pure love such as theirs cannot possibly be inappropriate, and that a lack of sexual love would indicate a flaw in their relationship. God created them to be the mother and father of mankind, to ensure continued renewal of life on earth, and so it is with His ‘permission' that they make love: â€Å"Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1 (VII: 531) 20 Fertility in Hell is a curse rather than a blessing; it produces tormenting monsters that feed on their mothers' womb, but conversely, fertility is everywhere in Heaven. The reader can â€Å"apprehend it in the light, the fountains, the rivers, the flowers, the dances, and the songs†.21 Raphael tells Adam that the angels, the intermediaries between Man and God, contain within them â€Å"every lower faculty† (V: 410)22 which enables them to enjoy sexual relations themselves: â€Å"Let it suffice thee that thou know'st Us happy, and without love no happiness. †¦we enjoy †¦and obstacle find none Of membrane, joint, or limb, exclusive bars: Easier than air with air, if Spirits embrace, Total they mix, union of pure with pure Desiring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (VIII: 620-628) 23 This is an example of a purer and loftier union than that of Man, but represents the transcendence of human love between a man and woman, thus rendering it ‘appropriate', natural and credible. When placed in the context of Milton's beliefs and the politics of the times, his conviction that there could be no paradise for man without sexual love seems personal and original. But in doing so, he attacks not only the â€Å"conventional idea that sexual intercourse was a result, (if not a cause) of the Fall, but also prostitution, the Catholic tradition of clerical celibacy, the fashionable tradition of playing with love, and the entire literary tradition of the lyric poet as abject suitor to his disdainful mistress†24. He may be making a political point, but I believe such an idea is fitting and vitally symbolic. They enjoy fertility as ripe as that of the lush Garden which provides them with sustenance, and were created to continue the cycle of Life on Earth, as they themsel ves help to maintain the cycle of Life in Eden. God's instructions to Adam and Eve to tend the garden are used by Milton to explain Eve's temptation when they are separated. This unquestionably gives her a sense of responsibility for the events which take place, but to what extent is a vital source of debate. Adam can be seen to treat Eve as a free being, dissuading her with lucid arguments, rational warnings, and loving tenderness, but he does not constrain her against her will: â€Å"Well hast thou motioned†¦. Yet not so strictly hath our Lord imposed Labour†¦ †¦but if much converse perhaps Thee satiate, to short absence I could yield†¦. But other doubt possesses me, lest harm Befall thee severed from me;†¦ †¦leave not the faithful side That gave thee being†¦ Who guards her, or with her the worst endures.† ( IX: 229-269) 25 A skilled rhetorician, Adam tries to the best of his ability to dissuade her from her decision to divide their labours, but to no avail. Eve, with a determined, â€Å"the willinger I go†26, withdraws from him and continues alone. Perhaps Adam's failure to restrain her forcibly is the root cause of the Fall? Ultimately no one can say, but nevertheless I believe this question to be a valid one, if only owing to the last line of the above quotation. The words are filled with poignancy and foreshadowings of the tragedy to come for the knowing reader, and such a line from Milton is surely expected to reflect the ironic seriousness of Adam's unknowing promise. Therefore, this clearly should cast doubt into the reader's mind as to whether it was Adam as the too-trusting husband who is to blame for not enforcing Eve's expected subjugation to his will, and allowing the possibility of the temptation to actually occur. Eve's behaviour during the temptation and the question of whether she was already ‘fallen' before the event are often inter-linked and become symptoms of each other. The occurrence of her dream and her reaction to it is also an integral part of this issue. E.M.W. Tillyard in the essay ‘The Crisis of Paradise Lost' asserts that Eve has already ‘fallen' before the Fall, by referring to her dream, saying: â€Å"..into the mind of angel or man evil may enter, and, if it is repudiated, fail to incriminate. In the abstract the doctrine may be tenable, but it cannot work in concrete literary presentation. No human being can conceive or represent evil entering a mind quite alien to it†¦ the mere fact of entrance implies some pre-existing sympathy†¦ Eve†¦ does by her symptoms imply that it has touched her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 27 One could argue that Tillyard's assertion of human being's behaviour is not applicable to Eve as both she and Adam are, as I have already stated, not humans as we know them – but there is also another line of argument to counter this. It could be said that Milton has built into his poem a sustained distinction between pre- and post-lapsarian nomenclature, and it is this device which aids the reader in distinguishing certain features of Adam and Eve's character to illustrate how they have changed from pre-lapsarian innocence into the post-lapsarian, fallen creatures they will become. This also creates an obvious echo between parallel yet contrasting events before and after the Fall. Adam himself describes Eve as â€Å"crooked by Nature† (X: 885) 28, implying that Eve was in fact ‘fallen' before the eating of the fruit, but this is in the post-lapsarian phase of the poem, and his language has deteriorated from the perfect, pure communication he possessed before the Fall into a dualistic, anti-feminine diatribe. This fact could be seen to reduce the credibility of his words, as he no longer holds the power that is associated with his previous ‘Adamic' language. One could agree with the fallen Adam's assessment of Eve, by citing the many comparisons Milton makes between her and infamous temptresses from classical myth. However, not only do the aforementioned goddesses have innocent aspects as patronesses of natural fertility, (just like Eve in Eden), this reductive portrayal by Milton would commit a terrible blasphemy, contradicting his faith, by blaming God for her sin because he created her innately flawed. What the reader witnesses throughout the temptation is a contest (unconscious on her part) between Eve and Satan for â€Å"the authority to interpret pre-lapsarian language†29. The serpent first stakes a claim upon Eve's language through the seeming miracle of being capable of speech: â€Å"†¦he glad Of her attention gained, with serpent tongue Organic, or impulse of vocal air, His fraudulent temptation thus began.† (IX: 528-5531) 30 The reference to his communication as organic would infer to the reader that it is natural, and the language of pre-lapsarian Eden. However, although Eve is seduced by this into believing it to be true, the reader alone – owing to the description of it as an â€Å"impulse of vocal air† – knows it to be false. The reason this is so is because Satan already has the knowledge of good and evil, and is therefore incapable of the untainted speech of Eve. In this way, therefore, I do not believe that Eve can be seen as already ‘fallen', for without a previous acquisition of ‘knowledge' Eve could not realise that the words of the serpent were that of an evilly corrupted version of her own. Eve's wonder at this apparent ‘miracle' creates a dangerous moment for Satan, one in which he must exercise special vigilance. However, it is an opportunity she misses, and he turns it into his advantage by attributing his power to the forbidden fruit. In the world of Eden, where Adam's birthright of the power to name the animals with a pure and natural speech conveys enormous power, language is knowledge and this is how Satan gains his power. Temptation was not a new idea for Milton. He wrote a Puritan masque, originally entitled A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634, but popularly known as Comus. The theme of the masque is â€Å"the death of false pagan values when they are opposed by Christian virtues†31, and, like Paradise Lost, is concerned with the process of temptation and the power of evil to corrupt innocence. The vital difference between the two, however, is that the central female character, The Lady, does not succumb to the machinations of her would-be tempter: â€Å"COMUS: This will restore all soon†¦ LADY: †¦'Twill not restore the truth and honesty That thou hast banished from thy tongue with lies.† (lns 689-692) 32 It could be said that the reason for Eve to Fall when The Lady does not is that she was innately flawed, a bait for Adam designed by God, or merely an inferior and weak female. I believe however, that the reason for Eve's Fall is to signify redemption and regeneration. Paradise Lost was published in 1667, having been written in a period of great social unrest. The government believed to be God's government by Milton and his fellow Puritans had collapsed in 1660 with the Restoration of Charles II. This raised moral questions which I believe in part to be responsible for Milton's questioning about the â€Å"ways of God† (I: 26)33, and which resulted in the exploration in this poem of a God who does not intervene to stifle evil. The brief image of the labourer returning home after a day's work in the fields at the end of Book XII of Paradise Lost is â€Å"especially effective, a moving evocation of the life and toil and poverty and weariness and also of homely satisfactions – all the common experience of humanity which Adam and Eve must now face†.34 Eve, though fallen, is in the process of regeneration, and, just like the political climate of Milton's era, can resume development of her pre-lapsarian virtues, though now through pain and â€Å"woe† (I: 3).35

Geography MYP portfolio

Basically, gender inequality is an unequal treatment in terms of gender, male and female. Gender inequality is mainly – discrimination of women. So women have fewer job opportunities and they do work which is believed not to be a work for men. Long time ago women used to do the housework and look after children, and men used to work and earn money. Nowadays we can see that women are treated unequally to men in some LED countries: African countries, Pakistan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and some other Muslim countries.But gender inequality still exists in some extent in every country in he world in main areas of the society: political, economical and sometimes in social. Main body (Discussion) Gender inequality in social area of society Mainly the service area (education, culture, healthcare, social welfare, public transport and etc. ) is included into social area. So, basically, here we can see the most unequal treatment of men and women. In all those African and Muslim countries wome n are treated unequally in this social area. In other countries (MED countries: US, Russia, Japan etc. , if there is an unequal treatment, then it mostly happens in economical and political areas. As an example of a country with unequal treatment, I will choose Pakistan. In Pakistan you can see gender inequality, for example in terms of education. In education, gender inequality means that women are not able to study and after have an education. Women just stay at home and do all the housework like washing, cooking; they also look after children, because kids are needed to help their mothers, so usually families are really big.Historically, in 1 9th century feminist-sympathetic movement communities tried to isolate women from any contact with men. On 14th of August, 1947 Pakistan was officially independent, but more than a half of Pakistani women are not independent even now. Pakistan believes that women were created only to take care of their husbands. Women's only job is to make s ure that her husband is satisfied and happy with his life. So women in Pakistan have to learn how to be a good daughter, sister and mother. Nowadays, Women are kept treating this way. They are also forbidden to go to schools.A lot of people (men) are against education for women, in Pakistan. There were so many crimes, when omen tried to kill a woman or a girl. Sometimes that happened, when a woman tried to study secretly. Gender inequality in economical area of society Economical area is a sphere of trading, exchange, producing, consuming and distribution of goods and services. Methods of producing and wealth distribution are the main factors that determine specificity of economic relations. Gender inequality in this area is not aggressive as it is in social area. We can see these inequalities in a few ways.Lets say there is a company, which is a part of secondary sector, so the employees are people who work tit machines and machinery. It means that men are more likely to work in th ose companies, as it would be a really hard work for women. So from this example, we can say that women are allowed to work there, but they don't, because its difficult for them and also they don't want to. In other companies, in primary sector, some employers prefer to hire men, because if you will have woman working on your company, then you can decrease company's productivity.Women might get pregnant, so she gets some rest (from 3 to 16 months, depends on a country), and after she'll have to look after her hillier. And men will always be there on his workplace. Gender inequality in political area of society political area is a sphere Of people's relations, which are mainly related to each other in terms of politics and government. Before one of the most worrisome issues was an unequal treatment of women in government and administrative office. Involving women in politics so much distinguished countries like Lithuania.As this country was technologically developing the people's lif estyle was changing a lot. In this process women started gaining ore stuff to do including the right to vote in presidential elections. Conclusion In social area, there are still a lot of gender inequalities, especially in poor LED countries. In Pakistan some men are even able to kill women, who are trying to get education, get a job and etc. I think that it's not right, and men and women should be equal. Equality leads to country's development and industrialization or at least helps it. In the economical area the only border for women are the requirements.Women are allowed to work, but their wage might be smaller, and the rotgut's quality might be lower, because, for example, men are better in working on the factories with all those machines. But it's not necessarily like that, and of course women can sometimes work even better than men, especially in the primary sector. In political area women doesn't really have problems, maybe only in LED countries where they are treated unequal ly to men. You can see some women politician that work in the government, even though it's rare. In my opinion, women should be equal to men, have the same opportunities, abilities and etc.

Criminal Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice - Term Paper Example The inherent argument for the death penalty lies in retribution. In this sense, an individual attains punishment for a given wrongdoing. Death penalty, in this sense, is seen as any other type of punishment, but is meant for heavier crimes. It is essential to highlight the basic arguments behind retribution. To begin with, a guilty person deserves punishment. Furthermore, only a guilty person should receive punishment. The argument behind retribution proposes that an individual deserves punishment that is commensurate to severity of crime committed. In essence, this argument proposes that true justice should make people suffer for their wrongdoing. Win addition, a criminal should acquire punishment that their crime deserves. In close relation to the former argument, the death penalty is represented as a will of the people. It is essential to note that each society has a set of norms that it ensures its members follow, such norms, therefore, are assumed to reflect the will of every member of the community. A society consequently develops to bear particular stance against what it considers as deviation from the norm. In popular terms, deviation from norms is crime. In addition, the society develops clusters for crime and enlists others as undeserving of mercy against the individual who commits the same. The society deems such types of crime as acts that any sane individual should not commit. On committing such types of crime, therefore, the society enacts harsh punishment on the criminal. This mode of argument sanitizes capital punishment as reflective of a society’s will against certain types of behavior. Capital punishment, in this frame, manifests the society abhorrence for given forms of crime. A common disagreement about this mode of argument pertains to the idea that a society’s judgment is always subjective. Subjectivity creates significant room for bias that vilifies the lives of people who are different

Insurance Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Insurance Theory and Practice - Essay Example Renewal rates were lower in 2006 than 2005 as the industry responds to greater competition from a number of sources. In addition, rates have stabilised because the industry's capital base has been restored thanks to internal profits after a low level of catastrophes in 2006 and 2007. Catastrophe bonds: A catastrophe bond issued through special purpose reinsurance vehicle (SPRV) is a specialized security that increases insurers' ability to provide insurance protection by transferring the risk to bond investors. Industry loss warranty contract (ILW): Unlike traditional reinsurance, where the reinsurer pays a portion of the primary company's losses according to an agreed upon formula, the ILW is triggered by an agreed-upon industry loss. Side car: Simple agreements that allow a reinsurer to transfer to another reinsurer or group of investors, such as hedge funds, a limited and specific risk, such as the risk of an earthquake or hurricane in a given geographic area over a specific period of time. Federal and State Catastrophe Funds: Many are calling for government-backed programs to assume some of the financial risk associated with natural disasters. 1.4 Post-September 11 and Natural Catastrophes The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center accelerated premium rate higher and insurers started looking accumulation-of-loss viewpoint in addition to traditional considerations, particularly in areas that may be terrorism targets. Hurricanes also have their toll on reinsurance. After Hurricane Andrewit it became clear that U.S. insurers had seriously underestimated the extent of their liability for property losses in a mega disaster. Reinsurers subsequently reassessed their position, which in turn caused primary companies to reconsider their catastrophe reinsurance needs. 2. Reinsurance "Reinsurance is a means by which an insurance company can protect itself against the risk of losses with other insurance companies" (Wikipedia). Individuals and corporations obtain insurance policies to provide protection for various risks (hurricanes, earthquakes, lawsuits, collisions, sickness and death, etc.). Reinsurers, in turn, provide insurance to insurance companies. Reinsurance is a type of risk management involving transfer of risk from insurer to the reinsurer. What that reinsurer does is to provide insurance for the insurers on the basis of a contract of indemnity. It works like this - the insurer gives the reinsurer a portion of the premium it collects from the insured and in return is covered for losses. A reinsurer enters into a

The case of Powell v. Alabama (1932) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The of Powell v. Alabama (1932) - Case Study Example The jury was composed solely of white people who did not represent any interest on the part of the black men. (â€Å"Powell v. Alabama (1932)†, n.d.) The legal representatives of the accused were convinced that their clients were done a disservice by the state courts and decided to appeal their case before the U.S. Supreme Court where they called the validity of the sentences into question based upon the way the case was handled in court. The main issues they wished to have the court resolve (Powell v. Alabama, n.d.) boiled down to the following: Although the Alabama Supreme Court, where the appeal was first filed, had ruled on a count of 6-1 that the jury trial was fair and impartial, the defense refused to accept this decision and brought the case all the way up to the United States Supreme Court. â€Å"Where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable of making his own defense†¦ it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him as a necessary requisite of due process of law; and that duty is not discharged by an assignment at such a time or under such circumstances as to preclude the giving of effective aid in the preparation and trial of the case.† Based upon the aforementioned argument, it became very clear that there was a miscarriage of justice in Powell v. Alabama as evidenced by the way the counsel for the defense was withheld until only a few hours before the trial was to begin. This act prevented the accused from receiving due counsel and an effective and well prepared defense in the process. It was therefore the opinion of the Supreme Court that the 14th Amendment was violated and the sentences of the accused were overturned. It was the opinion of the court that due to the hostile circumstances existing in Alabama, accompanied by the illiterate status of the accused, isolation from their families,

Entrance for Cardiology Technologist Program Essay

Entrance for Cardiology Technologist Program - Essay Example At that instant, I realized that I wanted to do something in the medical field. Though I explored various possible fields of study in the medical profession, it did not take me long enough to conclude that cardiology is the one course I would not just be happy in, but would also be able to give it my best, both in terms of output and responsibility. Working in this field would not only bring me satisfaction in life but will also enable me in creating a better life for my daughter and me. Achievements: I have been raising a daughter on my own for the past fourteen years. In spite of being out of school for twenty-three years with an education of only up to grade 9, I was able to pass G.E.D tests and the entrance exam for this course too. Over the past seventeen years, I have successfully worked with mentally and physically disabled children and adults through foster care. I have learned how to change feeding buttons and perform a colostomy. I have cared for many different people at home on a daily basis, all of whom were physically and mentally challenged. I believe that the experience in handling and caring for people that I have gained over the years will go a long way in helping me develop the sensibilities and tactical expertise required for becoming an exceptionally good cardiology technologist. Personal and professional goals: Through this program, I will be able to achieve a higher education in the field of my choice, make new accomplishments and develop into a more robust and responsible individual. I will be able to live a healthier lifestyle and earn money substantially. Through this, I will be able to chart out a better life for my daughter and afford her university education. I will be able to meet new and insightful people, share ideas and experiences with them, and endeavor into new avenues that were impossible for me to traverse before. Â  

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion - Assignment Example Several advantages are derived from segmentation including isolating specific market segments that are more interested in what a business offers based on demographic. For example, the toy manufacturing company mainly targets children while cosmetic companies targets women. Salespersons would consider multiple demographic characteristics to segment consumer markets according to age, gender, income, and social class. In this way, an organization can bring suitable products or services to the market. People’s thinking and their favorite activities can be used to segment a niche market. Personal attributes linked to personality, attitudes, interest and lifestyles are characteristics that marketers focus on market segment. This segmentation allows organization to cater for personal consumer interests (Croft, 1994). Another way in which segmentation is important is allowing marketers to identify customers’ preferences and target them with similar offers. A business itself could glean potential opportunities in filling the gaps assumed by businesses dealing in similar products or services. In their direct marketing effort, the marketers could acquire lists of customers and send them mails or call them to introduce their services. The more cost effective a business marketing effort can become relies on more segments identified and brought together to reach more expected customers. Proper understanding of client’s needs is key to offering quality products and services. When customers derive ultimate satisfaction, they are likely to entice non-customers who share similar traits and characteristics, which is a relatively low cost marketing strategy (Weinstein, 2004). Both the firm and the client thus benefit through market segmentation. Integrating marketing mix elements in market segmentation comes in scores of ways. Market segmentation and

Diversity climate in an organization Research Paper

Diversity climate in an organization - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that successfully managing an organization especially in today’s increasingly diverse workforce has become one of the most challenges faced by management and corporate leaders in recent years. Human capital is the most valuable and powerful asset and therefore it has been found that effectively managing the human resources is extremely critical to organizational success. Managing diversity climate effectively is one of the most significant elements of effective managing of the human capital as it can help the organization increase the productivity of its workforce, make them fully satisfied and highly committed to the job as well. Â  Diversity refers to the attributes and aspects that can be considered to be salient to an employer making him think that he is different from another individual. Gender, racio-ethnicity, nationality, age etc are some of the attributes that create and influence diversity within the organization. Diversity happens in an organ ization where its members’ have attitudes and perception towards people from cultural groups other than their own. Herdman and McMillan-Capehart described that diversity referred to the degree of inter-organizational representation of people in a way that different groups are inter-affiliated of cultural significance. A plurality of perspectives and experiences prevail in diversity climate and it serves as the strategic resource to the organization securing a competitive advantage. Â   They viewed diversity climate as an opportunity and a resource that the managers can turn them better strategy to increase organizational performance and achieve sustainable competitive advantage if the management is successful in managing it. As Garcia and Hoelscher (2010, p. 23) detailed, there are four different themes when it comes to diversity climate, they are: Perceptions of degree between group conflicts and a mind set to accept others, Level of institutional commitment to the diversity in the organization, Fairness, like lack of institutional bias, and A very generalized atmosphere for getting and giving respect each others. As today’s workforce has become increasingly diverse, diversity management has gained considerable attention and has emerged to be an important element of larger business strategy that can help an organization improve organizational competitiveness and effectiveness. As Hur, Strickland and Stefanovic (2009, p. 501) noted, many large organizations have recently given greater emphasis on identifying, considering and implementing varieties of practices that are designed and developed to foster better diversity business environment as well as to combat discrimination and all other legal risks in the workplace. Where diversity climate persists, there will be shared perceptions regarding the ways things are around there. Employees in such circumstances will be able to retrieve information from salient stimuli so that they can describe and interpret their work environment. They also can integrate the perceptions of unique workplace conditions and events in to quite a broader perceptions of organizational climate. A strategic method to analyze diversity climate There can be different cultural groups and people from different ethnic background in any organization. the workforce today is getting too much diverse. Diversity climate, as mentioned above, is the perception and attitude of people towards the culture of people other than their own. In a diversity culture, people are mentally capable of accepting other culture, groups and ethnic behaviors, rather than their ow

Hybrid Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Solution for the Lesley Case Study

Hybrid Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Solution for the Lesley Stowe Fine Foods - Case Study Example Through Hybrid strategies, LSSF can specifically alter implementation of the ERP system to meet its needs like the need to fulfill business processes and functions like production, order fulfillment, exception handling, and material management (Compeau & Scott, 2013). The hybrid strategies would have a positive effect on the firm performance only if there are suitable arrangements in the organization to solve tension that may arise from the hybrid strategies. Failure to have the suitable arrangements in the organization, then the strategies would negatively affect the organization’s performance. SaaS applications seldom function as stand-alone applications because organizations have SaaS for CRM, SaaS for HR and in-house analytic hardware with most of the information fed to ERP system within an organization’s data center. However, enabled processes allow secure flow of information among these systems (Leon, 2008). Therefore, the ERP system LSSF requires is a hybrid since it is characterized by various information systems for different business functions. The requirements for the ERP system for the business describe a hybrid ERP cloud since resources use many delivery options that link to each other and not all of them are managed by the business. Nevertheless, the applications need to somehow work together in order to provide the organization business value.

Healthcare Financing in Italy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthcare Financing in Italy - Term Paper Example At present, Italy’s healthcare system is financed through different measures, although it is primarily financed through general tax revenues (Maio & Manzoli, 2002, p.304). The National Health Fund (NHF) provides the major financing for public health care. The NHF is yearly apportioned to Italy’s twenty regions, which, in turn, distribute resources to the Local Health Agencies (LHAs). Donatini et al. (2001) cited several public and private revenue sources of Italy’s healthcare system: a regional tax on economic activities, general taxation, other regional taxes, users’ co-payments and private financing (p.35). By 1999, private financing sources already made up 33% of the total health care expenditure (Donatini et al., 2001, p.35). This created a more privatized form of healthcare financing, with increasing dependence on private providers and more out-of-pocket payments. Healthcare Administration For Italy, the primary healthcare institution is the Ministry of Health, which oversees the National Health Fund (Donatini et al., 2001, p.21). The National Health Fund provides financing for the national healthcare system. The Ministry of Health, via its departments and services, accomplishes five various roles: health care planning; health care financing; framework regulation; monitoring; and general governance of the National Institutes for Scientific Research (IRCCS – Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) (Donatini et al., 2001, p.21). Furthermore, regional governments, through their related health departments, aim to follow the national objectives set by the National Health Plan at the regional level (Donatini et al., 2001, p.23). ... Regional health departments are mandated to deliver the healthcare benefit package to the population through a system of local health units and public and private accredited hospitals and clinics (Donatini et al., 2001, p.23). Local health units are geographically-oriented organizations that assess healthcare needs and provide comprehensive care to local target populations (Donatini et al., 2001, p.25). Access and Inequality Issues It is hard to determine access and inequality issues in Italy, because its law states comprehensive healthcare coverage for all their citizens. Mostly likely then, the uninsured ones in both countries are the illegal immigrants, who have to pay for their healthcare expenses through their pockets. Italy aims for a comprehensive public healthcare insurance system but recent deregulation efforts increase private funding and out-of-pocket expenses. Italy has comparable healthcare indicators with Iceland (World Health Organization, 2011). Italy’s regiona l division of average immunization rates shows that total coverage is â€Å"higher in the north than the south† (Donatini et al., 2001, p.61). Furthermore, coverage rates percentage for compulsory vaccinations are better than the recommended ones (Donatini et al., 2001, p.61). For instance, the immunization for measles is 75% for Italy and 100% for Iceland (Donatini et al., 2001, p.62). Conclusion In terms of financing, Italy has a government-financing-dominated healthcare system. Increasing deregulation and privatization, however, increases private financing of the healthcare system. Access problems are based on location and socio-economic status. References Donatini, A.,

How far is Odysseuss status Essay Example for Free

How far is Odysseuss status Essay Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus is portrayed as a Greek hero. However this can be contradicted. In many events Odysseus can be perceived as un-heroic at times. Therefore the above statement can be argued. Throughout this piece of work I will be discussing this statement and I will gradually draw closer to a conclusion. Odysseus shows leadership as he produces very clever ideas and performs quick-thinking actions. Throughout the narrative he has planned strategies, for example, every time Odysseus and his men reach an island he always sends his men first to investigate the surroundings. This quality can be seen as cunning and therefore he can be seen as a hero. His personality can be seen as caring and scheming. In many periods of the book this can be proved. He stays calm in situations and when his men die he thinks of them, and when in trouble he does his best to help them says quote, we travelled with heavy hearts, grieving for the loss of our dear friends.. (Book 10 Line 133) Odysseus can be seen as resourceful, for example, he tool the undiluted wine with him when going into the Cyclopss cave, which then later came into use as it saved his men and himself escape to safety. He is seen as shrewd as he uses a false name when speaking with the Cyclops which again later on takes its effect when the men are absconding from the dangers of the Cyclops. Even though Odysseus can be seen as a hero, in some cases he cannot be depicted as cunning. For example, he decided to ignore his crews suggestion to escape with the food in the Cyclopss cave. Even though he was right to do the hospitable and respectable thing to do, by staying in the cave to greet their host, he made the wrong decision as the by staying he risked the lives of his men. Odysseus can be thought of as violent as he blinded Polyphemus with a stake. This could be looked at as un-heroic and wrong, but it can also be seen as him being vengeful for his killed crew. Therefore these different situations can be looked at from two perspectives. He could be seen as hospitable and vengeful, which are true qualities of a hero, or he can be looked at as a violent person who has bad judgement. It all depends on the readers standpoint. Odysseus has a very strong relationship with the Gods, especially with Athenes and Hermes. For example Hermes helped Odysseus by giving him the moly flower. This can be looked at from two angles. Odysseus might seem not so heroic as he needs help from the powers that be, and he might be seen as dependent on the Gods. But this can be argued as only some people would think that only a hero can receive such gifts from the gods and that there has to be something special about him, and also Athene was known for helping heroes which could prove that he was one. Therefore, again, this line of reasoning could be argued. Odysseus and his men have lack trust and confidence in their relationships. This reflects badly upon Odysseus as it shows he is not leadership material. For example When Odysseus and his men sailed away from the Island of Aelia, Odysseus had received the gift of the winds. His crew did not trust Odysseus and opened the bag, thinking it was gold, and released the winds. This shows a lack of trust. Another example that shows a requirement of confidence in their relationship is when one of Odysseuss men, Eurylochus, says You will never come back yourself and wont rescue a single man of your crew. I am certain of it. Let you get away quickly with those that are left here. (Book 10 Line 268). This shows that his men think that their destiny with Odysseus will lead to death. They feel as if his leadership is endangering them which shows that they do not think of him as a hero and influences the reader to think the same, even though Odysseus tries his best and up most to rescue his men In my opinion, I think that Odysseus is a heroic figure. This is because in the book he is proved to be cunning, caring and an important figure. There are many events in the book that contradict this, but they can be argued to whether Odysseus was really in the wrong. For example, he wanted to stay in Polyphemuss cave because he wanted to be hospitable (which is the right thing to do), and he was not aware of the dangers that were at hand. He can be seen as violent, but revenge was his only motivation, when he blinded the Cyclops. Therefore, I think that Odysseus can be categorised under hero, and I think that Odysseuss status throughout the Odyssey all depends on how the reader interprets the events that take place as they always have two aspects to look at.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the Person Centred Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the Person Centred Therapy Since the late 20th century, psychotherapy has been described as an important aspect in the study of psychology. Due to its importance, psychologists have been actively involved in the identification of the critical approaches in counselling and psychotherapy (Corey 2009). Psychologists have come up with different theoretical models of counselling that are applicable at different situations during psychotherapy (Fall Holden 2010). The application of these theoretical models of counselling have helped in overcoming the impact of several emotional as well as psychological difficulties such as stress, depression, anxiety, anger, and other emotional problems (Fall Holden 2010). However, despite the universal application in solving similar problems in human beings, these theoretical models of psychotherapy possess distinct differences as well as similarities. A comparison and contrast of the major theoretical models in counselling is therefore critical in understanding the application o f each theory in psychotherapy (Corey 2009). This paper compares and contrasts three theoretical models of counselling. For comparison and contrasting purposes, the paper has identified three main modalities: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the Person-Centred Therapy, and Gestalt Therapy. This paper will describe the underpinning assumptions of each model, the goals of therapy in relation to each model, the therapeutic relationship including the role of the counsellor and the client, the key techniques of each model and the major limitations in relation to each particular model. The paper will describe each theoretical model of counselling while comparing and contrasting with the others utilizing the aforementioned aspects. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Person-Centred Therapy, and Gestalt Therapy CBT, Person Centred Therapy and Gestalt Therapies are three theoretical models that have been applied in psychotherapy for many years. Despite their similarities and use in counselling, the three theoretical models hold distinct differences from each other. These differences are realized especially in regard to the assumptions, the goals of each, therapeutic relationship, key techniques of each and limitations (Corey 2009). Being one of the most preferred theoretical models in counselling, CBT has demonstrated explicit justifications as well as definite rates of success in most of the instances where it has been applied (Brewin 1989). The diversity of its applications in major psychological and emotional problems has also encouraged most psychotherapists to utilize it in therapeutical sessions (Stallard 2002). In contemporary psychotherapy, as described by Stallard (2002), CBT has been integrated with other theoretical models due to its multidimensional nature. CBT has been applied in clinical psychology and other psychological therapies on the basis of its premise of the importance of thinking about individual actions and feelings in relation to psychological and emotional health (Fall Holden 2010; Ingram Siegle 2000). Person-Centered Therapy was developed by Carl Rogers in the 1940s, and has been a critical theoretical model in counselling. According to Fall Holden (2010), this theory of counselling developed in three different phases. In the first phase, the theory focused on how the nondirective counsellors conduct differed from that of more directive psychotherapists such as psychoanalysts and behaviour therapists (Fall Holden 2010, p 171). The second phase focused away from the counsellor and firmly onto the client as a responsible agent whose nature provided the rationale for the counsellors therapeutic conduct (Fall Holden 2010, p 171).The third phase emerged when the theory included past counselling philosophies which formed major requirements of conventional psychology (Vacc Loesch 2000). Gestalt Therapy, on the other hand, emerged in the 20th century. As described by Fall Holden (2010), Gestalt therapy grew from a reaction to classical psychoanalysis that permeated the psychological community of the early twentieth century (p. 201). Developed in the 1940s by Frederick Fritz Perls, Gestalt Therapy focused on cultivating growth rather than pathological remediation, (Fall Holden 2010, p 202). Actual psychological experiences are the major emphasis of the gestalt therapy. Underpinning Assumptions Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Person-Centred Therapy and Gestalt Therapy have differing underpinning assumptions that make each therapy distinct. CBT assumes that the occurrence of behavioural and emotional problems in most individuals is due to the nature of people incorporating faulty thinking (Dryden Bond 2000). CBT also assumes that the manner in which individuals perform and believe is determined and influenced by individual cognition. The counselling is therefore focused towards the cognition and behaviour of the individual (Ingram Siegle 2000). During CBT, the importance of decision making, thought, questioning and action is stressed. CBT assumes that counselling is a process that entails learning, acquisition of novel talents as well as learning new coping mechanisms for common psychological and emotional problems (Corey 2009, Stallard 2002). In person centred therapy, it is assumed that humans are positive and due to this positivity, they tend to be inclined towards the achievement of complete functionality of both their bodies and minds (VanKalmthout 1998). In applying this model in counselling, it is assumed that the immediate experiences in an individual have occurred due to lack of past awareness about the problems. The theory has it that after therapy, the individual will possess actualization that will impact on his or her potential to move from being unaware to being aware of his or her feelings, and will have self trust and think positively in relation to his or her life (Rennie 1998). Gestalt Therapy assumes that for an individual to achieve personal wholeness in terms of thinking, feelings as well as behaviour, they have to work hard (Brownell 2010). This theory assumes that if an individual is allowed to flashback on past experiences, they will be able to relate them to the present experiences and then connect the two. Fall Holden (2010) claim this model of counselling utilizes an experiential advance that holds its grounds on the immediate experiences therefore emphasizing on individual responsibilities as well as choices. Goals of Therapy The three theoretical models possess different goals. CBT challenges individuals to face the behaviours, norms, and beliefs that affect their psychological and emotional health (Dryden Bond 2000). CBT also encourages clients to be more aware of their thoughts therefore encouraging clients to change their feelings (Vacc Loesch 2000). Person-Centred therapy aims at providing individuals with an environment that is safe and favourable for exploring their well being (Rennie 1998). By encouraging clients to explore well being, Person-centred therapy ensures that clients recognize all the challenges that they have faced in their emotional and psychological growth. Further, this therapy enables clients to realise aspects of self worthiness that had been imprecise during their past (Tudor Worrall 2006). The goals of the Gestalt Therapy also differ from those of CBT and person centred therapies. Basically, Gestalt therapy aims at assisting emotionally and psychologically affected individuals in advancing towards self awareness in relation to their day to day experiences (Brownell 2010). This encourages clients to be expansive especially in making choices in regard to their lives. However, the gestalt therapy in contrast with the CBT and person-centred therapies aims at assimilation but not at psychoanalysis which is common in the other two therapies (Fall Holden 2010). Therapeutic Relationship In relation to therapeutic relationship, the role of the counsellor and client becomes critical in ensuring that the outcome of the therapy is desirable. In relation to the three theoretical models of counselling under discussion, the therapeutic relationships differ from one model to the other. In each model, the client and therapist hold different roles (Corey 2009). The therapeutic relationship in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the therapeutic relationship resembles the relationship between a teacher and a student. The therapist acts as the teacher and the client as the student. According to Romana (2003), the role of the therapist is to give therapeutical instructions to the client who listens and does what the counsellor says. In this relationship, the counsellor employs directive structures to direct clients on behaviour changes (Dryden Bond 2000). In this case, the counsellor acts as the focal point since he impacts much on the cognitive and behavioural changes in the client. However, for desirable results, collaboration is ensured during therapy (Gilbert Leahy 2007). The counsellor utilizes the Socratic dialogue that is critical in supporting clients in tenets such as the identification of the beliefs, norms and values that have impacted on the psychological and emotional functionality (Romana 2003). Further, the counsellor encourages the client to change these beliefs as well as identify an unconventional rule for present and future living. In this case, the counsellor helps in promoting the adoption of remedial skills of learning (DeRubeis, Tang Beck 2001). In this relationship, the client always gets new insights in relation to the problems he/she is experiencing and therefore decides on efficient and effective means of acquiring change (Gilbert Leahy 2007). In the person centred therapy, the therapeutic relationship is distinct from CBT and gestalt. In Person-Centred Therapy, the relationship between client and counsellor is crucial (Tudor Worrall 2006) because therapy is centred towards the client as the client is the focal point of the therapy. Due to this, the counsellor must ensure that respect, genuineness, and empathy towards the client are maintained. Further, communication is also critical in this model especially between the client and the therapist. The relationship must equal as it is crucial in aiding behaviour change in the client (Wilkins 2010). Therapeutic relationships in the Gestalt Therapy hold central significance. The counsellor and client establish a relationship that is centrally placed. In this therapy, the relationship only depends on the nature and quality of the therapeutic measures being given (Brownell 2010). In contrast to CBT and person centred therapies, gestalt therapy depends much on the attitudes of the counsellor towards the client. The client is his own interpreter hence the counsellor only helps the client to interpret his behaviours and experiences (Brownell 2010). Therefore the role of the counsellor is as an aid. The client identifies his experiences and works on how to change the experiences that affect his current psychological and emotional health (Fall Holden 2010). Key Techniques There are different techniques applicable in the three models of counselling described in this paper. CBT utilizes techniques aimed at personal counselling. The theory utilizes the Socratic model that entails several questions to be answered by the client. Corey (2009) denotes that therapists utilize a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioural techniques; diverse methods are tailored to suit individual clients, (p. 466). However, the client is also allowed to ask the counsellor some questions. Further, the theory employs the aspect of homework that encourages the clients to practice the skills learnt. Therefore the major technique of CBT is the ABC technique that utilizes the Socratic model (DeRubeis, Tang Beck 2001). In client centred therapy, the techniques differ from those of CBT. While CBT applies assignments and Socratic model, Person centred therapy makes use of the attitudes of the counsellor as the major technique. The attitude of the counsellor towards the client dete rmines the outcome of the therapy (Tudor Worrall 2006). However, this therapy utilizes aspects of hearing and listening and clarification of ideas and feelings. This therapy does not utilize techniques that entail directive aspects. In person centred therapy, there is no probing and questioning; common aspects in CBT therapy (Wilkins 2010). In the Gestalt therapy, the techniques used contrast those of CBT and person-centred therapy. As asserted by Corey (2009), this therapy uses a wide range of experiments designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings, (p. 466). Limitations Though the theoretical models of counselling described in this paper are necessary in counselling, each model has several limitations. The CBT is believed to have an aspect of playing down the emotions of the clients. It lacks the focus on determining the underlying unconsciousness in the clients and due to this fails in relating the clients past with the present experiences. Since it entails confrontation, this therapy may witness cases of termination as most clients may not cope with its expectations (Fall Holden 2010). The limitations of the person centred therapy are distinct as compared to those of CBT and Gestalt. Since the therapist is a passive entity during this therapy, cases of limited responses are occasional. There is lack of direction for most clients since the counsellor remains inactive (Wilkins 2010). In cases when crisis occurs, the clients will lack support. The theory lacks the application of novel knowledge hence cases of rigidity are common (Tudor Worrall 2006 ). In Gestalt Therapy, limitations include expressions of emotion due to the techniques that are employed. Clients in most cases fail to acquire or reach the required thresholds of the therapy since cognitive aspects are not dealt with. Conclusion This paper has described three theoretical models including CBT, Person-Centred and Gestalt. The paper has explored the underpinning assumptions of each model while comparing and contrasting the assumptions. It has also identified the goals of each therapy as well as the therapeutic relationships. The paper has also compared and contrasted the key techniques utilized in the three models as well as the limitations of each model. Although it is established that each of the three models is distinct from the other in terms of the described concepts, the three theoretical models are critical in psychotherapy.

An Essay on Foraging Societies

An Essay on Foraging Societies Foraging society forms the oldest and the more basic political system of people- the band societies. For more than 1 million years, these people from hunter-gathering societies sustain their living doing this. The contemporary hunter/ gatherers form a small group or population of people with little density and nomadic type of living. Foragers remain egalitarian because they live in close kinship relations with others. They were tied with relations and they formed groups of unity. That is the reason why they exchange commodities or services among each other. The wealth circulated among themselves. This created an egalitarian group, where there were no great differences between people. An example of a foraging society, residing in the Kalahari Desert, is the society of King San or the Bushmen. They gather fruits, berries, melons, and nuts. It is estimated that women gather the food and the overall time spend on gathering is 2 or 3 days out of one week. Men from the tribe spend their spare time in performing rituals, resting or entertaining. They reside in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. An example of a foraging society in the tropical rain forests is the Mbuti Pygmies. In the gathering process everyone of the group is involved, even children- male pick up elephants, wild pigs and other animals, while females gather the vegetation. The third group of foragers dwells in the arctic regions where vegetation was scarce. Eskimos, the local people, hunt sea mammals (whales, seals) and value a lot the undigested vegetation. For that reason, female did not specialize in gathering food. In the summer both males and females gathered larvae and maggots. Fissioning among foraging people eccurs, when under certain conditions( like overpopulation) there is a need of migration of some people, and their fragmentation into smaller groups of people. Sometimes the subsistence food can become scarce, and not enough for the entire population. Infanticide occurs when a mother deliberately kills a newly born child. The reason is that sometimes, woman cannot afford to meet the needs of the baby, or because the baby has some deformed physical features. The fertility rate among foraging people is very low. There may be several reasons for this. Females from the San people are for example very slim and they do not weight more than 80 pounds. This can postpone the menstruation. Their puberty comes later, the average age is 16 years-old, compared to the average age in the US- 12years-old. Most of the foraging groups do not differ in their economic state. They share the same economic system based on reciprocity, the exchange and sharing of goods, food, and services. It is called a Reciprocal Economic system. Most commonly, families exchange their food with other families from the group. It is defined that there are three types of reciprocity. The first one is called Generalized Reciprocity, which is based on the assumptions that there is no return in the exchange. In other words, people do not expect to have a return for they favor, or exchange of goods or services. For example, it is even insulting among some foraging group to say thank you, after they have given you food. We also have in our societies Generalized Reciprocity- when your parents buy you clothes or give you pocket money, they do not expect you to return anything to them back. This system creates more mutual trust and bounds better kin and relations. It also strengthens the egalitarian status of people. The second type of Reciprocity is the Balanced Reciprocity. It involves an exchange with immediate return. This system is more like bargain and trade. It is used by groups of people who in a far distance between them. In modern foraging groups this reciprocity is not very common, because most of them exchange values and goods among kin groups only. The third type is the Negative Reciprocity, which involves no reciprocity of all. It is an attempt to get an exchange or a deal without returning anything. According to Lee and DeVores work, foraging people like the San are affluent in terms of their allocated time spent on finding subsistence. They estimated that foraging people easily find food enough for a couple of days, and that foraging people have adequate and well balanced diet. They called them Leisure and Affluent people. They found that the average death rate is not high and the average age of people from those societies is the same as people from more developed industrialized societies. According to another anthropologist Sahlins, foraging people did not accumulate goods and food, because of their nomadic living, and that makes them not so materially obsessed. However, recent studies challenged the hypothesis mentioned above. They found that these facts to not apply to every forage group. For example in the rain forests people could not easily find some certain type of food immediately and spend more than 30 , 40 hours a week, searching for it. Furthermore, it is estimated that other activities, such as making weapons or preparing the food also involves much time. Those recent studies do not challenge entirely the previous hypothesis, but expand the relativity that comes from the geographic locations of people. The social organization of foraging people is based on kinship, marriage, family, gender and age. The family can be Nuclear, which includes parents and their immediate offspring. Band includes several Nuclear Families. A band can include from 20 to 100 individuals, depending on the environment capacity of subsistence of those people. Cross cousin marriage appears when a male is married to the fathers sisters daughter or his mothers brothers daughter. Patrilocal residence- when the married couple resides with the males father. Restricted marital exchange is the combination of patrilocal residence and cross cousin marriage, where two groups exchange the females to tight the kinship alliances. Brideservice is when male resides in a females band for a period of time. Matrilocal residence- the husband lives with the brides family. Inuit tradition is the wife exchange where male individuals have sexual intercourse with each others wives. Egalitarian status of men is more common than the equal status of females in foraging group, compared to people from other societies. Patriarchal- when male dominates in political and social aspects. Gender and Age are important factors in evaluating the labor division. They vary between societies to societie and determine the social stratification and hierarchy. The warfare and violence in modern foraging societies differ from the past foraging socities. There are now lower at rate. Most of the problems that individual resolves are connected to relations between adultery.

The Effects of the Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers

The Atomic Bomb: Effects on Hiroshima and Mankind   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nuclear bomb was the most devastating weapon ever created by man. It was developed between 1942 and 1945 during the second World War. The project to build the worlds first atomic weapon was called The Manhattan Project. The nuclear bomb was based on the idea of splitting an atom to create energy, this is called fission. Three bombs were created, â€Å"Trinity†, â€Å"Little Boy†, and â€Å"Fat Man†. â€Å"Trinity† was dropped on a test site in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, proving the theories, engineering and mathematics of the bomb to be correct. Shortly after that, not more than 2 months, the U.S. performed the first actual nuclear attack in the history of war. The bomb â€Å"Little Boy† was dropped on the town of Hiroshima, instantly killing thousands. â€Å"Fat Man† was dropped shortly after on the town of Nagasaki. After the bombing almost all scientist involved with the creation of the bomb regretted its construc tion and spoke out against the abolishment of nuclear weapons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Manhattan Project was led by American physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer and directed by General Leslie Graves. The project employed over 130,000 people and the total cost by the end of production was nearly 2 billion dollars, 20 billion dollars in today’s currency. Oppenheimer’s early education was at the Ethnical Culture School in New York. He took classes in math and science and many languages such as Greek, Latin, French, and German. He learned Dutch in only six weeks to give a speech in the Netherlands. He was also interested in classic and eastern philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1939 rumor came to the U.S. that Germans had split the atom. The threat of the Nazis developing a nuclear weapon prompted President Roosevelt to establish The Manhattan Project. Oppenheimer set up a research lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico and brought the best minds in physics to work on the problem of creating a nuclear weapon. Although most the research and development was done in Los Alamos, there were over 30 other research locations throughout the project. After watching the first nuclear bomb test Oppenheimer was quoted as saying simply â€Å"It works.†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that the atomic bomb was proven to work the next question was where to drop it. Specialists in many fields were called on by the U.S. Army to help them decide on the best target for the atomic bomb. They considered many things while selecting the target such as the range the aircraft had to carry the bomb, the morale effect on the enemy, military importance of the target, and the geography of the target.

I.T. and Healthcare Essay -- Technology, Information Technology, Healt

Most people live in rural areas, while the medical community exists in cities. Medical facilitates are increasing the use of information technology database as a collaborative effort within the healthcare communities, on the condition that remote communities have access to the largest healthcare database and treatment information for public health solutions. Technology has shown that communication strategies are changing the way people understand and translate messages. There are no indications that imply technology reduces labor costs, in the healthcare industries. The fundamental economic theories are best used when collaborating with new technologies. As administrators the new electronic age, has brought new invention that are innovative and gives promise to a new generation. This reflects the achievement of information technology in the new generation. Technology has shown that communication strategies are changing the way people understand and translating messages. The growth of the World Wide Web has launched electronic communication assistants, and the interest in wirele...

The Yellow Wallpaper -- English Literature

The yellow wallpaper The Yellow Wall-Paper,† by Charlotte Gilman Perkins, can be read as a simple story of a young woman suffering from postpartum depression. Her husband is unsympathetic to her needs, her doctor refuses to acknowledge her serious illness, and her emotional state declines as a result of being forced to stay inside her room in the middle of her vacation with no company except the yellow wallpaper. But, on a deeper level, it is this room and the wallpaper that is pasted all over it that is symbolic and allows the narrator to materialize her depression and slowly decline into insanity. In the beginning of the story, the narrator describes herself as having â€Å"temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency.† (169) The narrator is well aware of her condition, and it is apparent that she is also aware of what her condition may lead to. But, if it weren’t for certain imprisoning aspects of her environment, her condition might have never progressed to complete insanity. For example, the windows of the narrator’s room become a materialization of the world that squeezes her into the tiny jail of her own mind, and the wallpaper represents this state of that mind. The room was once used as a nursery, and thus its environment makes the narrator feel like a child, like a being who is taken less seriously than she should be. She is in a room where â€Å"the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls.† (170) The protective bars on the windows are symbolic of the protectiveness of her husband, John, and his well-meaning but ultimately unhelpful suggestions. The narrator is a prisoner in her place of rest, and her husband is but the jailer, watching over ... ...per as I did?† (180) She believes that by locking herself in her symbolic physical prison and tearing off the wall-paper that is symbolic of her mental state, she is releasing herself from all of the expectations of her husband and all the depression she felt throughout the story. The narrator’s physical environment and the symbolism it contained allowed her to materialize her depression and descend into insanity. It is clear that it is possible to view the wallpaper as a reflection of the narrators state of mind and the fact that she took on the character of the woman in the wallpaper to allow herself to break free of the ties that bound her. The confinement of the barred room and the disturbingly vivid wallpaper proved not only to be complimentary to the story, but also to foreshadow the narrator’s escape from depression into a new sphere of insanity.

Fashion Culture Essay

A person is being judged and labeled whether he or she belongs to the upper class, lower class or an ethnic group through his or her physical appearance. Any judgment that is made is anchored from his or her physical features such as skin color, clothes and personal adornments. The subsequent photos seek to respond on the theory of Entwistle, which states that: â€Å"How we perform our identity has something to do with our location in the social world as members of particular groups, classes and cultural communities. The clothes we choose to wear represent a compromise between the demands of the social world, the milieu in which we belong, and our own individual desires† (Entwistle, 114). The picture of the African herder gives an implication that he belongs to the lower class of the society, which is discerned through the worn out and ragged shirt that he wears. That reality abides with the theory of Entwistle which entails that the status of an individual does reflect in his clothes. The herder’s appearance entails, if he has to be considered as part of the group of African people, that Africans are poor. Figure 2. African People It will be a hasty generalization, however, the fact that Africa belongs to the third world countries. The idea that African’s fashion statement, considering the other pictures of African people (figure 2), mirrors their status in the society. Nevertheless, the clothes are not just mere reflections of one’s status in the society. It also reveals the culture and economic status of those particular groups. Figure 3. The Upper Class On the other hand, figure 3 represents the upper class in the society. They are Americans; definitely, they belong in the upper class of the developed country. Their fashion statement divulges those crafted verdicts. Their physical appearances support the judgments. The men are wearing coat and tie and the women possess jewelries, indications that they belong to the well-to-do class.   The featured pictures bestow the core idea of Entwistle’s theory that the way people act has something to do with their status in the social realm, that the way they wear and choose particular clothing illustrates the culture and class that they belong to. However, taken into consideration the era of the modern world, it is now hard to discern and to judge a person as to where status he or she belongs, whether he or she is from the upper, lower or working class in the society. Take a look at figure 4. Figure 4. â€Å"Poor People Modeling Obscenely Expensive Clothes† According to Jennifer Romolini, staff of Shine, â€Å"poor people [are] modeling obscenely expensive clothes!† That is the most recent Vogue India’s August issue controversy in 2008. The picture portrays a toothless, barefoot man, who is most likely living on about $1.25 a day, carrying an umbrella that is worth $200. The woman is carrying $10,000 Birkin bag and the children has $100 Fendi bibs (2008). The ordinary Indians who serve as paragons reveal â€Å"the power of fashion. It is no longer rich man’s privilege. Anyone can carry it off and make it look beautiful† (quoted Romolini, 2008). That very idea supports the second statement of Entwistle’s theory which states that, â€Å"The clothes we choose to wear represent a compromise between the demands of the social world, the milieu in which we belong, and our own individual desires.† Because nowadays, people, regardless if they are rich or poor, already abide with the trend so they cooperate with the demands of the social realm and they satisfy their desire by wearing and buying branded clothes, personal adornments and jewelries. Fashion statement in the course of history has helped in the identity construction, cultural representation and status depiction. Our clothes speak of who we are and what we are. It mirrors our economic conditions and personal desires and aspirations. However, status in the society does not have to be judged just by the clothes we wear because most of us go with the fad. Everything is just a matter of choice because there are also rich people who are not accustomed to buy branded clothes or what is trendy because there are some who believe that fashion is an expression of one’s self, not just a mere reflection of culture, social and economic condition that we belong. Reference Romolini, R. (2008, September 3). Poor People Modeling Obscenely Expensive Clothes: The Latest Vogue Controversy. Shine. Retrieved January 29, 2009, from http://astrology.yahoo.com/channel/beauty/poor-people-modeling-obscenely-expensive-clothes-the-latest-vogue-controversy-249716/.

The dark comedy Scotland, PA relates the story in an understandable manner

1. The original Macbeth takes place in the 11th century Scotland, while Scotland, PA takes place in the American 1970s. Thousands of historical events and many generations set these two time periods apart. Yet, while the time span seems immense, noting really changed in human nature. People undoubtedly were and remain social creatures who intensively struggle for their rights, and, in extreme circumstances, power. Of course the setting of Medieval Scotland and modern America contrast each other, but what doesn't change is the characters' drive. Both in the play and in the movie, Macbeth wants recognition and rewards for his work, whether it will be a throne or a boss chair. Macbeth and his lady want to emancipate themselves from subjection and be the ones to take control. Thus the issues of social struggles are visible throughout both versions. Another human quality revealed is the abuse of power. In the original Macbeth, the lovers become absolute, despotic rulers of Scotland. They throw feasts, rejoice in their glory, and, unfortunately, often forget about their subjects. Although the film couple does not obtain this much control, its excessive pride does shine through. Pat used to complain about her boss, but once she herself took the position, she didn't change any of the things she disliked not so long ago. She couldn't remember an employee's name, annoyingly calling him ‘Richard,' and wore beautiful clothing, while the employees wore ugly, orange uniforms. Additionally, in both versions, Macbeth falls under pressure. In persuading her husband, Lady Macbeth uses her eloquence to achieve her greedy means, while Bet cunningly employs her charming looks. Macbeth also lets the witches/hippies guide him, albeit he suspects that they aren't the best advisors. It must be admitted that Scotland, PA did lose some of Macbeth's themes by switching the time setting. For instance, there are no battles between Norway and Scotland, no problems with the tyrannical ruler, no loss of followers, and no strong social dissatisfaction. However, the unrest and struggle between the subjects and the state can still be observed, only in the form of the workers versus the Duncan's restaurant. It can even be argued that the narrowing of the population circle serves well, because the struggles of the workers are easier to follow. 2. Macbeth is a noble work of literature that for many centuries was accessible only to the elite or educated people. By adapting the play into a film that contains things familiar to everyone, the creators of the film gain a larger audience. Now, the viewers don't have to relate the events to history or have any background information on the beliefs of the age. Keeping the work up to date also makes it easier for the audience to relate to it, while the themes of revenge, manipulation, guilt, and fate are well preserved. Additionally, for people who are familiar with the actual play the movie is particularly interesting. It is entertaining to parallel the events of the play with those on the screen. On the one hand, some details are cut out or diminished. For instance, instead of the commander's acclaim of Macbeth's performance on the frontline, the viewers see a scene in which Joe throws two troublemakers out of the restaurant. On the other hand, some events are completely new to the plot. For instance, the play avoids the actual killing of Duncan, while the film clearly shows how he gets boiled. If in the play the murder was intentional, in the movie the murder is shown as a result of Macbeth's carelessness. Other events are interwoven strictly with the original plot. For instance, Pat's guilt manifests itself as a burn that cannot heal, and the viewer immediately recalls Lady Macbeth's famous sleepwalking. The alterations in the plot somewhat dilute Shakespeare's tragedy, but yet keep it recogniza ble. Of course the â€Å"descending† of Macbeth to such level is open to criticism. For instance, conformists and lovers of classics would argue against such a rebuilding of Shakespeare's work. They might view the cutting out of important scenes and Shakespearean language and addition of too many kisses and curses as a bad reflection of modern culture. Also, if in the play there are slight hints on Macbeth's intellectual level, in the play he is openly displayed as a dummy. I would also agree that this is a wrong interpretation of his character, that doesn't look in the depth of him inner conflict. From my own standpoint, I would say that it has to be kept in mind how much time passed between the two versions. I would appreciate the way this film finds an inventive approach and risks standing out from the rest of the interpretations. 3. Scotland, PA completely revolutionizes the play by turning it from a tragedy into a comedy, and thus missing some of the play's serious issues. The film is also visibly low budgeted and should probably be viewed as an experiment. Nonetheless, through comical approach the film serves a purpose of social criticism. Morrissette satirically comments on fast-food, small towns, and culture of the 1970s. The viewer recognizes the people, the shops, the cars, and many other aspects of the 70s, but this recognition comes through a new light. By watching the events unfold from a side, the viewer sees how the lack of opportunities in the 70s created the most appropriate atmosphere for greed, lust, and dishonestly to proliferate. Since the film is an overall comment on human greed and desire for leadership, it can be viewed as a subliminal message about Richard Nixon, who covered up the Watergate break-in that led to his resignation. However, from a positive side, the viewer gets acquainted with the goodness of the age. For instance, the witty slang of 70's Middle America, the clothing, and the sneaky fellows introduce the culture of the time. Also, the soundtracks play the Bad Company's songs, which were extremely moving and valuable to the youth of the 70s. The youth itself is very well portrayed with Malcolm as a rock ‘n' roller, and Donald an enigmatic gay teenager. The progress and innovation are also showed in how Macbeth invented the â€Å"drive-thru† in the restaurant. This is the time when some of the major corporations begin to arise and attract customers. For example, in the matter of a few weeks after it underwent the renovations, the restaurant skyrocked in its popularity. 4. Many students have trouble following the events in Macbeth and interpreting Shakespeare's complex language. The dark comedy Scotland, PA relates the story in an understandable manner, but spares students of the real Shakespearean classic. The adaptation is oversaturated with its own whimsy, which obliterates most of the drama in the play. Shakespeare's dictions, allusions, and symbols, which are essential to the play, are completely obliterated. Instead, the addition of the references to the 1970s forces one to view the play as â€Å"American-made.† By over-simplifying the play and giving it new cultural references, the creators leave only superficial plot references to the tragedy. Thus the highly intellectual ideas that Shakespeare incorporated in his work are lost along the way. Very clever writing and great casting make this a comedy that is fun to watch even if one is not familiar with the source material. However, the adaptation can supplement the understanding of the play, but absolutely cannot take its place in the school's curriculum. The witches as three hippies, Duncan as a hamburger joint owner, Banqo as a hamburger seller, and Macbeth and his wife as self-advantageous couple undoubtedly may help the youth to perceive the characters' relationships. However, their original connections and motivations are not demonstrated in-depth. For example, the desire to become a King is much more powerful than desire to become a restaurant's owner. Similarly, predictions given by supernatural beings are much more convincing than those given by the three hippies on marijuana. Thus the power Shakespeare invested in his play is indeed undervalued and â€Å"dumbed-down.† 5. It sure was an original decision to give Macbeth a new birth by bringing it into the American 1970s. Although low-budgeted, the film literally re-builds the 1970s. This is partly achieved through shooting the film in a Canadian suburb that resembles the 1970s' streets. The shooting in the Nova Scotia, whether planned or serendipitous, adds a nice touch to the film production and even more unexpected irony to the modern interpretation of Macbeth. The switch of the settings may seem dramatic, but the Moorissette's underlying message is that human nature applies to every historical period and section of society. One can be a dignified man in 11th century Scotland, a homeless guy in American 1970s, or any other person in any other place and time, but the humiliation and power games will always exist. The adaptation proves that although Shakespearean epoch passed, his work is still appreciated in America. 6. On the one hand, Macbeth has always been considered one of the literary world's most celebrated tragedies. It is possibly the darkest and most gruesome of Shakespeare's plays. Scotland, PA steals all of the play's seriousness by turning it into something sloppily simple and funny. If the original version centered on characters' development, the reworking was unable to create characters of even the slightest interest and fully show how they change after their gruesome actions. The result is a lifeless film, which is only saved by its setting and soundtracks. The film will most likely be enjoyed by someone who knows absolutely nothing about Shakespeare, because those who know the original work would view Scotland, PA as a silly parody. Also, although much gets cut out, the added details get unnecessarily overcomplicated and the film gets unexciting. On the other hand, Scotland, PA stays on the task. It has many parallels with Macbeth and enhances some of its themes. Major themes from the original work: revenge, guilt, self-doubt, fate, and prophecy still exist in this manipulated adaptation, even in a new light. These themes are revealed straightforward through peculiar, funny, and incredibly well-conceived approach. The adaptation is also educational, for it shows an interesting piece of American history. For teenagers like me, the setting in the 1970s is very exciting to see because this is the time of our parents' youth. So looking at contrasting young characters – bold, rebellious Malcolm and gentle Donald – it is interesting to think about to which extreme our parents appealed. Also, the portrayal of vegetarian lieutenant McDuff and suspicious Banconi captivate the reader. Actors who played these two characters, in my opinion, showed the best effort and understanding of the actual characters in Macbeth. With both its drawbacks and its wonderful additions, Scotland, PA causes a lot of mirth and leaves the viewers with positive impressions.

Employee Relations HND 2013 Assignment 3 Essay

In regard to apprenticeships UNISON has actually made a lot of efforts as to gather as many new apprentices as they can because the current UK public sector workforce is full of old people who will be retiring soon and therefore leaving a lot of job vacancies which will be filled out by other old people who may have experience but will lack the drive and energy to work as hard as the youth. The new apprenticeship schemes used by UNISON encourage real work with learning and training, Using on-the job and off-the job methods they are able to target the apprentices and make sure that they are well aware of their work and well acquainted to their workplace as well. The UK government plans to create at least 21,000 places in the NHS, education and local government sectors for new apprentices. In order to support this plan since November 2009, Apprenticeship programs have been covered by the Act of Parliament and 250,000 apprenticeships started. Technically The high quality training through apprenticeships give the youth confidence as well as skill to pursue important work roles. Boosting the Uk economy as well as benefitting their businesses. UNISON is for the growth of apprenticeships schemes for the youth. It does so by providing a working base for them to be able to gain new skills and credentials. It works towards apprentices being safeguarded from being used as cheap labor, as well as giving the youth a proper chance on the career ladder. It is currently influencing the employers of local government s and various other occupations to introduce types of apprenticeship schemes. Working as a sort of cohesion between employers and apprentices it works to make sure the schemes meet the needs of the employers and apprentices. A little more information regarding what they do to help apprentices are as follows; The can help increase wages, help manage appropriate working hours and improve working conditions using collective bargaining. They sometimes also encourage employees to take industrial actions in order for them to reach their objectives. Give legal advice and amenities to help solve any problems in the workplace. Have Promotions and discounts on services like car insurance. Give apprentices the chance to develop personal matters as well as to gain basic skills or professional qualification. The Apprentices are given good quality training schemes in public services. Protected by minimum wage legislation to receive proper wages. They are not discriminated against for any reasons. A further study on UNISON shows that they go into great lengths to looking after their members, they have bargained with employers regarding housing, healthcare and other benefits that the employee receives and been able to increase the efficiency of employees which affects the overall efficiency of the company as a whole. The reasons UNISON supports apprenticeship is because they are able to benefit the society as well as the market in many ways; It gives opportunities to the youth of the society and also introduces new people into the industry therefore making it valuable as more minds have more ideas and methods. It includes a progression advancement that allows the people to increase their levels of skills and qualifications Generates a positive learning environment within a company. The external factors making apprenticeship schemes important; The government sector of the UK needs to have a major increase in the number of public sector apprenticeship schemes for youth as to balance out the country’s economy, placing as many qualified youths as possible into the sectors will help them achieve this, reducing the rate of lack-of-job opportunities. Before the training participation age was raised in 2013, the Act of Parliament covered the apprenticeship programmes and 250,000 apprenticeships began on November 2009 to allocate as many apprentices as possible in the government sectors. The training they received helped them increase their overall knowledge and working abilities which also played a huge role in the economy of the country. The UK has a high number of people who fit into what is called the â€Å"Baby Boom† generation, These are people who were born after the Second World War and are now in their 50’s and 60’s and nearing retirement therefore pushing the Government to act and allocate more young skilled workers to the positions of those are nearing retirement. Apprenticeships are a perfect way of providing such a workforce and also allow youth to have more oppurtunities for progression within an organization. Bargaining – Negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction. Agenda – A list of items of business to be considered and discussed at a meeting Using these definitions we can come to a conclusion that Bargaining Agenda is the list of terms used while bargaining with employers, negotiating employment agreements and lobbying for change to legislation in an industrial relations point of view. The list can consist of various things that range from pay raise to issues at the workplace. The use of bargaining agenda can be at meetings or even brainstorming sessions by either sides and it will greatly benefit the employers and the employees; Employers will benefit from higher productivity, improved recruitment and retention and better staff morale and it will dramatically improve the quality of workers’ lives and levels of job satisfaction. When a bargaining agenda is made, the problem which is at hand is noted as well as factors affecting it and what the outcome might be, classifying all this information it is used while in meetings to rectify the problem and make sure that all factors and options are thoroughly analysed before the final decision is made. UNISON does not have authority to set up or approve apprenticeship schemes, instead they use their positive working partnerships with the employers to persuade and influence decisions made by them in various ways and sometimes even controlling the decisions. How they do so is as follows; They recognise and promote present schemes which have the best practice by consulting the UNISON members and using feedback regarding the apprenticeship schemes which is then given to the employers. Provides negotiation guides for employers who are proposing to introduce a scheme to use. They have played an active role in seeking to persuade the Low Pay Commission to set fair and appropriate pay standards for apprentices, which is why apprentices are now covered by the minimum wage laws. UNISON has worked with North Yorkshire Council on a scheme and was able to to create around 300 apprenticeships with a mentor for each apprentice, a decent salsry and time for the apprentices to study for their qualifications. The service that UNISON and other trade unions provide is justice. They see to it that each employee is given what they deserve. Regarding what their qualifications are they are allocated and given jobs, and even if their qualifications are not up to standards they are allowed to work while earning their qualifications alongside either at work or at colleges. The examples are already stated above . This shows that the services trade unions provide is very very important for companys and organizations and moreover for the entire countrys economy, seeing by how UNISON established their Return to Learn program it is eminent that they are doing more of a service to the general public and help all the youths as well as elders achieve things they could not otherwise achieve. Question2: Influence of the EU on Industrial Democracy in the UK Industrial democracy is an understanding where employees make decisions, partake in responsibility and authority in the place of work. Some European countries have had the structure of Industrial Democracy allocated from a long period of time; however the concepts behind Industrial Democracy are not well established in the views of managers and unions in British organizations. The European Law making process attempts to encourage the employees to have a firm role in the company’s decision making process. The current Businesses based on partnerships where the unions and the organizations work toward the same goals, currently exist in the British Industry due to the current EU influence. Unions are thought to be institutions that’s purpose is to tutor the management and employees regarding the positive effects of including workers in the decision making process, Due to this employees involvement in the decision making of an organization has become practical, Impacting positively on employees performance as well as enhancing their influence to the attainment of the organization. Thus leading to Works Councils having representatives in all departments of the organization. The main role of a Works Councils is to talk over the long term goals of the organization and to recommend approaches to improve the future forecasts of the organization. It is also possible for Worker Shareholders and Worker Partners to have a stake in the ownership of the business. Share-Holding is often encouraged within an organization using share options and saving schemes. These schemes have been successful in the UK with some companies stressing on the importance of employees having a stake in the company. Even though it is feared that the European Monetary Union might increase ‘Wage Dumping’ (Where companies pay workers less than the standard rate set.) Ways In Which Employee Participation and Involvement In Decision Making van be met in an organization. There are various methods in which employee involvement in organisations can be met, also known as mechanisms; Attitude Surveys: An attitude survey can be conducted in order to find out employee views on matters that concern them. This can be used to find out views regarding job evaluation, pay determination and performance management in order to evaluate their effectiveness and efficiency and furthermore find out the employees view on fairness and equality. As well as to stimulate views regarding personnel policies and how they operate in views of equal opportunity, employee development and health and safety. Attitude surveys are conducted through planned questionnaires, interview and focus group discussions. Quality Circle/Improvement Groups: They are small groups of volunteers who are involved in related work within an organization. This method can be used to solve problems/issues which are a result of a ‘top-down’ management, where the management ignores the issues that exist between other levels in an organization. This provides opportunities to use the knowledge of employees , who might have experience in work-related problems that are hidden from managers. Suggestion Schemes: This is a method that provides a valuable means for the employees to participate in stating improvements/changes that can be made to increase the overall efficiency of the organization. In this type of process employees are able to discuss with the management regarding how they believe the company is running. Direct Participation: Through direct participation employees can be involved in decision making processes that affect their everyday work routines.