Survey on Energy Drinks Essay Example for Free

Survey on postcode Drinks EssayWe would like to thank Prof. Richa Chaudhry whose guidance helped us in our efforts to make a successful fox. Most of either we would like to thank all the community who took time and effort to take part in our research by sharing their views and perspectives which helped us in our come prohibited of the closetline and project, without which the project would not lead been possible. Finally we would like to thank IES College of commission and Research for giving us a platform to present our research project study which will help us go a long way in our development as future managers. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. pushing drinks argon soft drinks advertised as a throw outing brawn. These drinks usually do not emphasize zip fastener derived from calories they contain, but rather through a picking of vitamins, caffeine, and herbal supplements the manufacturer has combined. Energy Drinks has become the fastest growing sector within the beverage in dustry. reddish Bull is the industry leader and has already busy a giant market share worldwide in the nix segment and the positioning is also recoiled to the youth within the age limit 16-28 years.The research has been conducted to identify the cipher drink that is the more or less popular and to understand consumer preference and their consuming habits as we plan to launch a new crossway in the market on a similar basis. 5 The study carried out will help To understand and identify the dynamism drink that is the most popular To understand consumer preference and their consuming habits For this draw a bead on basic research was carried out. The selective information collection was based on the Primary information existence the students of IES College of Management Studies Research using Convenience Sampling Method. The research indicated that pot do prefer to consume drinks but the consumption is affected by many factors. on that point are 25% of the people who do not prefer to pay off energy drink. The most important factors affecting the buying finis were put in to be the vane, price, advertisement and wellness safety. It was also found that 1. 62% of the energy drinks segment consists of male consumers 2. 21-23 age group people was found to be the maximum buyers in the sampling population 3. People prefer to have drinks occasionally mainly for soft consumption constituting 41% 4. Red Bull is the most popular brand amongst the youth 5.Taste and Price play an important role in the buyers mind while purchasing an energy drink 6 TABLEOF CONTENTS SR. NO .TOPICS PAGE NO. INTRODUCTION Energy drinks are a group of beverages used by consumers to provide an extra boost in energy, promote wakefulness, maintain alertness, and provide cognitive and mood enhancement. Although they seem like a new fad, these drinks have been available to the general public for round time.For instance, Red Bull (currently one of the most popular energy drinks) was intro duced in Austria in 1987 and to the United States in 1997. Historically, cola soft drinks have been available in their current caffeine-containing form since 1904, and in their original coca leaf (from which cocaine is derived) and kola nut (from which the caffeine is derived) form since 1886, with similar effect as energy drinks as they contain approximately 34mg of caffeine per 12oz can. These beverages have stimulant effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and their consumption is accompanied by an arithmetic mean of improving users performance tangiblely and mentally.1 Energy drinks mostly contain caffeine, taurine, l-carnitine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, vitamins, and other herbal supplements like ginseng and guarana among others. Additives such as guarana, yerba mate, cocoa, and kola nut may increase the caffeine kernel of energy drinks unbeknownst to consumers, as manufacturers of these products are not required to include the caffeine content of these herbal su pplements in the nutritional information. 2 Different brands of energy drinks contain caffeine ranging from 50mg to 550mg per can or bottle.3 Caffeine is one of the most ordinarily consumed alkaloids worldwide in the form of coffee, tea, or soft drinks, and in high doses may cause abnormal stimulation of the nervous system4 as well as adverse effects in the cardiovascular, hematologic, and gastrointestinal systems. 2 With energy drinks becoming a worldwide phenomenon, the short- and long-term effects of these beverages must be evaluated more honestly in order to fully comprehend the psychological impact of these products.The market and degree of consumption of energy drinks is increasing every year,5,6 and while solo a couple of(prenominal) have detailed knowledge of their potential harmful physiological and psychological effects, the number of publications that have documented the potential adverse risks associated with the use of these beverages remains small. 7 Whereas most studies to date have examined the physiological effects of energy drinks, this article reviews and compiles the body of knowledge of this increasingly important topic by examining the psychological effects of energy drinks on cognitive functions, mood, sleep, decision making, and overall impact on well-being and quality of life (QOL).8 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Energy drinks is appease not very well accepted and even if they are consumed it is majorly driven by leisurely consumption and not so much for other health related reasons. 3. RESEACRCH OBJECTIVES 9 After a detailed review of the research the following objectives were determined 1. To understand the energy segment among the youth and the consumer preference. 2. To understand their consuming habits and factors associated with it. 3. To derive a conclusion based on the acceptance levels of the energy drinks in order to launch a new product in the near future. 10 4. BACKGROUND.The term energy drink refers to soft drinks believed to reduce or prevent fatigue, enhance physical performance, enhance disposition and improve cognitive performance. Energy drinks are frequently consumed by students prior to exams, melodic phraseed situations, and leisurely consumption with a view to improving their performance and act as a stress buster. The belief in energy drinks is held by most people, particularly because the term energy drink conveys a message that the product has a connection with physical activity.Consequently, an uninformed consumer may assume that whatever benefits would be derived after consuming these beverages. It has been reported that the consumption of energy drinks, especially among young adults aged between 18 and 25, is currently of great concern. This is because these energy drinks typically contain three times the amount of caffeine present in soft drinks, and in some cases, up to ten times as much. Another issue of great concern is that, for most brands, information regarding the potential nega tive health effects of an excessive economic consumption is not presented on the labels.Some energy drinks contain ingredients with potential interactions such as between taurine and other amino acids and between caffeine and some herbal extracts. Some herbs combine with caffeine to create a synergistic effect which varies from drink to drink. Producers of energy drinks usually target young adults who are slow lured to consume energy drinks after watching numerous appealing marketing advertisements on television and in newspapers and magazines. 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 11 The general purpose of this study is a comparative study of various brands of energy drink from consumers point of view. After detailed review of the research following objectives are to be determinedTo understand and identify the energy drink that is the most popular To understand consumer preference and their consuming habits For this purpose basic research was carried out. The data collection was based on the p rimary data being the students of IES College of Management Studies. 5. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN The method used is basic research method. Data collection method The respondents were asked to fill an online questionnaire. Data collection place We have chosen an online visual sense as the media and the same was sent to the respondents. And the data collected was then(prenominal) segmentedbased on gender, age group, information, consumer preferences etc. 5. 2 SAMPLE DESIGN Sampling Method- Convenience Sample Sampling Method A public convenience sample is a matter of taking what you can get. It is an accidental sample. Although selection may be unguided, it probably is not random, using the correct definition of everyone in the population having an equal chance of being selected. Volunteers would constitute a convenience sample. Sample SizeThe sample size taken was of 66 students from IES College. We found out that out of 66 respondents 16 do not consume energy drinks and the remaining pre fer to consume the same. Survey Area We intent to take survey from our college itself. It was basically an online survey where the questionnaire was posted and the link was sent to several respondents. 12 5. 3 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS SUBJECTS In this study, the participants were students sampled from IES College of Management and Studies.The respondents completed a questionnaire. We could gather a response of 66 people. STUDY INSTRUMENT AND DATA COLLECTION The questionnaire was in two parts, the first part assessed the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and the second part assessed energy drink consumption practices of the students and reasons why students consumed them.The questionnaire which was administered assessed students in the following areas background information (i. e. age, gender information on energy drink consumption practices, brands of energy drinks usually consumed and reasons why students consumed energy drinks). The researchers explained to the participants that the investigation was mainly aimed at assessing how and why energy drinks were consumed?5. 4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical tools Data collected were entered and analysed using the quantifiable Techniques and the results were displayed Frequencies and Percentages, close Median and Mode Standard Deviation. Graphical representations Pie Charts and Bar Diagrams were used. 6. DATAANALYSISAND INTERPRETATION 13 1) Gender Wise Buyer Distribution Observation- It was found out that the energy drink segment was driven by a market of 62% of Male consumer and 38% Female Consumer. 2) Do you consume energy drinks? Observation- It was found out that the out of 66 respondents only 48 consume energy drinks and the remaining do not consume energy drinks at all.3) Out of the following brands, which ones have you heard of? M 4 1 62% F 25 38% Yes 48 75% No 16 25% 14 Red Bull 61 32% Monster 17 9% Cloud 9 46 24% Gatorade 40 21% Tzinga 24 13% separate 2 1% Quantitative Tool MO DE The Modal value is 61 which states that Red Bull is most popular among the energy drinks. 4) How many bottles of energy drinks do you purchase in one go? Single bottle 49 80% Multiple Bottles (6 pack) 6 10% Multiple Bottles (24 pack) 6 10% Quantitative Tool used Mean Median The Mean is 20. 33 the Median is 31. Also the Standard deviation is 20. 27. There is a deviation of 20.27 in the preference of people buying single and multiple bottles. 5) How often do you purchase energy drinks? 15 Very frequently 3 5% Frequently 11 18% Sometimes 26 43% Rarely 21 34% Quantitative Tool used Mean Median The Mean is 15. 25 the Median is 31. Also the Standard deviation is 8. 89 in the consumption patterns of Energy Drinks. 6) For which activities do you use Energy drinks? Exercising at the gymnasium 14 18% play competitive sports 4 5% Playing recreational sports 8 10% 16 To quench your thirst 15 19% Leisurely consumption 32 41% Other 5 6% Quantitative Tool used MODEThe Modal Value is 32 which states that people consume energy drinks for Leisurely consumption. 7) Does advertising affect your decision of purchasing Energy drinks? Quantitative Tool used MODE The Modal Value is 31 and says that advertising does influence the buying decision. 8) How much do you pay for a 250 ml energy drink? Yes 3 1 51% No 30 49% 17 25-50 14 50-75 25 75-100 21 Quantitative Tool used Mean, Median MODE The mean is 65. 41 and the mode is 68. 33. Median is 66. Std dev?9) come you experienced any ill effects after consuming any energy drink? Tremors 1 3% Shivers 2 6% Headaches 9 26% None 22 65% Quantitative Tool used MODE MODE is 22. 18 10) What kind of taste do you prefer? Sweet 17 24% Sour 9 13% Fruity 45 63% Quantitative Tool used MODE Mode is 45. 19 7. LIMITATIONS The following limitations were found ?Samples were approached from our College itself hence the variety of population was limited. ?Time constraints did not allow the research to be carried out on an extensive scale.8. S UMMARY OF FINDINGS ?It was found out that only 75% of the respondents consume energy drinks. ?It was found out that the energy drink segment was driven by a market of 62% of Male consumer and 38% Female Consumer. ?21-23 age group people was found to be the maximum buyers in the sampling population. ?People prefer to have drinks occasionally mainly for leisurely consumption constituting 41% . 8. 1ConsumerBehaviour Preference towards Energy Drinks 20 ?The buying behaviour is not regular. Its only occasional. People prefer it during exercising, leisurely consumption at parties or social gatherings to reduce stress.It was observed that people are price as well as brand sensitive. They want average price energy drink from a reputed brand. The flavour should be good (for eg. Fruity) as well as the health content. ?26% of the respondents believed that the energy drink is associated with a risk highest being headaches while 68% believed the risk was none. 8. 2Red BullMarket ?It was clearly observed that the preference for Red Bull energy drink was predominant over other brands. ?The red dump market is the leader constituting 32% of the sample. Still the purchase was limited to sometimes standing at a 43%.8. 3 Recommendation ?Awareness among the people take on to be increased to promote energy so that the number people who dont consume the energy drinks for reasonsbest kno n to them all low consuming. ?An integrated marketing is carried out which would help minimise the illusion among the potential buyers about the adverse effect of energy drink on health.9. CONCLUSION We have investigated the feasibility of the top selling energy drinks for the students of IES College of Management and Research. The market is dominated by Red Bull, and other brands like Monster, Could 9, Tzinga, Monster, Gatorade. Also, because students are in constant need of an energy boost, we have researched which energy drink will provide the students with the most energy without sacrificing nutrition, taste, or cost. With the information from this report, we hope to help students make a mend decision when choosing energy drinks.We recommend Red Bull as the best energy drink for students at the IES College of Management and Research. 21 Questionnaire on Energy drinks intent To launch a new product of energy drinks in the market and understand its consumption pattern among the respondents To find out Top of the mind sensation of consumers To find out the factors which influences the consumer to buy energy drinks * Required Name * Age * Gender *.1) Do you consume energy drinks? o Yes o No 22 2) When someone mentions Energy drinks, what brand name comes first in your mind? 3) Out of the following brands, which ones have you heard of? o Red Bull o Monster o Cloud 9 o Gatorade o Tzinga o Other 4) How many bottles of energy drinks do you purchase in one go? o Single bottle o Multiple Bottles (6 pack) o Multiple Bottles (24 pack) 5) How often do you purchase energy drin ks? o Very frequently o Frequently 23 o Sometimes o Rarely 6) For which activities do you use Energy drinks? o Exercising at the gym o Playing competitive sports o Playing recreational sports.o To quench your thirst o Leisurely consumption o Other 7) Does advertising affect your decision of purchasing Energy drinks? o Yes o No 8) How much do you pay for a 250 ml energy drink? o 25-50 o 55-75 o 80-100 24 9) Have you experienced any ill effects after consuming any energy drink? o Tremors o Shivers o Headaches o None 10) What kind of taste do you prefer? o Sweet o Sour o Fruity Never submit passwords through Google Forms. cater by This content is neither created nor endorsed by Google. 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Industrial Disturbances in Cities: Case Study of Nigeria

Industrial Disturbances in Cities Case Study of NigeriaTHE PERCEPTION OF INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES IN NIGERIAN CITIES A geographical APPRAISAL OFBENIN- CITYA. 0. AtubiAbstractThe major aim of this research work is to determine the perception of industrial disturbances by Benin City residents. This refers to the disturbances created by the availability of saturnine manufacturing industries around residential atomic number 18as of the city. For this purpose, a total of 158 residents were sampled, to generate the info for this research. Multiple correlation analysis was used to test for the significance amid the perception of residents who brook close to industrial establishments and those who live far off. This revealed that 58% of residents in the study argona perceive industrial disturbance as caused by industries around their neighbourhood, going away 42% unawargon to ignorance, indifference etc. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics and chi-square test were alike used. The overall findings of this research bring to the arc the fact that a graduate(prenominal) helping of Benin-City residents are not aware of industrial disturbances.IntroductionAlthough the direct of industrialization in Nigeria is still very low, its growth rate in the upstart past has been significant. This growth rate was largely due to the availability of a large investible capital in the mid 70s (owing to oil revenues) and a growing perpetration on the part of government to planned economic growth. Industrial growth is not likely to diminish drastically because of the growing awareness of the need to develop most essential commodities locally and more(prenominal) recently the ban slammed by the Federal organisation of Nigeria on the importation of goods, which can be produced locally. Consequently, industrial intricacy is likely to continue, in spite of, or even because of the present economic depression.The industrial establishments arising from these processes are located within the framework of a low level and primate pattern of urbanization. Industries spring up in tens annually and most of these are located alongside residential areas in most state capitals and urban centres where women spend 3/4 of their time engaging in various economic activities (Uchegbu, 1998). Consequently, the few urban centres in Nigeria have tended to be the monopolistic locations of these industries. thither are now more than 3,000 industries of various categories in the country with about half of this number located in Lagos metropolis alone (Uchegbu, 1998).Perhaps, a more compelling reason for examining the mental images or perceptions people hold of the emerging industrial environment in our cities relate to one underlying assumption regarding the stance of developing countries to environmental issues. The view is widely held that a major concern and pre-occupation in most developing countries is with economic growth and development and that people are indif ferent to and place low premium on environmental quality. This attitude arises from a perception that economic growth and environmental quality are reciprocally exclusive.Environmental problems/disturbances can be in form of soil erosion, pollution, flood, deforestation, bio-diversity loss, and degradation, quarry and mining problems etc (Adedibu, 1997 Ajayi, 1997 and Odetunde et. al., 1998). Environmental degradation, in general terms, refers to the process that may act to propel the condition of a part of the earths surface of its surrounding atmosphere to become unpleasant or less useful to man (Akinyele, 2000).The inseparable environmental settings covers the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere (Olorunfemi and Jimoh, 2000). Within these spheres are a number of interactions that propelled the different types of gentlemans gentleman related activities. The term environment literally means surroundings, circumstance or influence (Ajibade, 2000).Environmental pollu tion is a diverse problem experienced all over the globe today, this experience cuts across both the developed and developing worlds. In 1985, the Polish Academic of Sciences described heavily industrialized Poland as the most polluted country in the world (Miller Jnr, 1994). Air, water, and soil are so polluted that at least 1/3 of the people risk contracting environmentally induced respiratory illnesses, and a host of other diseases.ember supplies 80% of Polands energy most of the countrys industrial and power plants have no pollution control technology whatsoever or, at least ineffective controls. Satellite photographs show that the biggest clouds of smokes in Europe hang over southern Poland, partly because large coal burning plants have shutdown their pollution control equipment to save power and money (Miller, Jnr, 1994).Adeoti (2004), stated clearly that, industry has been reckoned to contri preciselye much to environmental pollution in developed countries and much research h as been done to proffer technological solutions. So far, work on this area has been largely limited to developed countries. However, there has been change magnitude advocacy that developing countries need not follow the environmentally unfriendly development path of industrialized countries (Adeoti, 2004).Aghalino (2000), asserted that the impact of oil exploitation on the oil mineral producing communities are in three folds. First, it leads to environmental pollution. Secondly, it destroys the ecosystem and the ways of life of the people and lastly, the oil producing communities are generally underdeveloped. Jimoh (2000), made a real assertion on the interaction between man and his environment. Man is a product of the environment as the latter is also an important component in the life of the former. Thus, protecting the environment of man from destruction is inevitable. Many industrialists have viewed industrial progress and environmental protection as mutually exclusive, but Od iete (1993), advocates that industrial progress and environmental protection must be complementary rather than mutually exclusive.Although Benin City has no major processing industries such as oil refineries, iron and steel or metallurgical industries that usually contribute heavy pollution to the ecosystem, there exist nevertheless other industries like treacle and paper, aluminium, breweries, rubber processing, plastic, livestock feeds, non-alcoholic beverage etc, which generate pollutants. Some of these industries produce hoo-ha and thermal changes. Plants and heavy machines used in factories/industries make a hell of noise during their production period (Uchegbu, 1998 Ozo, 1988).Materials and Methods of StudyThe data on which the study is based were collected through questionnaire survey in 2005 from four zones to which Benin-City was divided. These are Ekenhua alley area, Ihama-Boundary road area, Oregbeni quarters of lkpoba hill, and upper Siluko road area ( suppose fig 1). 158 questionnaires were used in this study and the number of questionnaires that were administered in each sampled area depended on the population of that zone. establish on the population, 39 (thirty nine) questionnaires were administered in Ekenhuan, 39 (thirty nine) were also administered in Oregbeni quarters, while 38 (thirty eight) questionnaires were administered in upper Siloko area. In the course of the administration of the questionnaires, the streets and houses were chosen victimisation the systematic sampling techniques. Two questionnaires were used in every eight houses in each street. Responses from the questionnaires were used for data analysis.Averaging model and percentages were used to summarise the data while triplex correlation was used to determine the individual and overall contributions of industrial disturbances in the study area. The analysis of variance was used to examine the division in industrial perceptions while the chi-square test was used for test ing whether the variables are independent or related.Study AreaBenin City plays a dual cash in ones chips of being the capital of Edo State and the headquarter of Oredo Local Government Area. The 1991 census puts the total population of Benin City at 762,717. It lies approximately between latitude 616N and 633 North of the equator and longitude 53lE and 545 East of the prime meridian. It covers an area of l,2158q.km. Benin City is bounded to the marriage and west by ovia North East Local Government Area, to the North East by Uhunrnwode Local Government Area, to the East by Oriohwon Local Government Area and to the South by Ugbenu village in Delta State (see fig.2)FIG 1 MAP OF EDO STATE SHOWING STUDY AREA blood line Ministry of Journal of Cartography and G.I.S, (2002)FIG 2 MAP SHOWING BENIN CITY IN EDO STATEDiscussion of Results and FindingsTable 1 Educational attitudeSource Fieldwork, 2005A megre 30.4% of the total respondents are equipped with tertiary education as against a maj ority of 55.1% of respondents who posses lone(prenominal) secondary education. This to a large extent, brings to fore the low level of education in Benin City and in third world countries in general.Table 2 Reponses to listed disturbanceSource Fieldwork, 2005Key1 = Very Serious2 = Slightly Serious3 = Not SeriousFrom table 2, only columns I and 2 are relevant for this analysis. This is because these are the respondents that perceive some level of well(p)ness associated with the industrial disturbances they experience in their area. The responses from column 3 is however not relevant because these respondents do not hand the disturbances as serious and as such do not see the disturbances as posing any danger to human and animal life and to the ecosystem in general.In order to ascertain whether the variables are independent or related, the chi-square test was applied. A calculated grade of 34.7 and a table value of 26.30 was obtained. This implies that, the industrial disturbances in the study area is significant enough to attract attention. This also shows that there is a significant difference between those who perceive industrial disturbances and those who do not, in Benin City.Table 3 Awareness status from each areaSource Fieldwork, 2005A good number of respondents in the different study locations were aware of the disturbances make up by heavy industries. Others were totally unaware. The combination of the respondents who are not aware and indifferent to industrial disturbance shows that a larger proportion of the respondents are unspiritual of industrial disturbances.To re-assess the respondents premium placed on environmental quality, the question Do you consider the environmental impact of your daily activity was asked. The responses are tabulated below in table 3.Table 4 Premium placed on Environmental qualitySource Fieldwork, 2005The above analysis clearly shows that the majorities, stand for 87.38% of the total respondents, do not consider the e nvironment in their daily activities. One of the research hypotheses, which states that there is no significant difference in perceptions between residents who are aware of industrial disturbances and those who are not aware is tested with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique. Since the table value of 19.4 is less than the calculated value of 665.78, the null hypothesis is rejected. The alternative hypothesis which states that there is a significant difference in perception between residents who are aware of industrial disturbances and those who are not is thus accepted. This implies that there is a significant variability between those who perceive industrial disturbances and those who do not, between and within each area. (See Appendix A for all necessary computations).Table 5 Magnitude of disturbance Area-by-areaSource Fieldwork, 2005Here, only residents who perceive the problem as very serious and slightly serious was considered. This is so because, those who d o not perceive the disturbances are not relevant in determining the correlation.Table 6 Perceived Industrial disturbances and data for multiple correlation analysisSource Fieldwork, 2005Appendix B contains details of the correlation among the four variables. The relationship between the variables is 0.024 (see Appendix B for all necessary computations). The percentage variation of perception of industrial disturbances in the different areas of the study area is 58%. This implies that 58% of the residents in Benin-City perceive industrial disturbance as caused by industries around their neighbourhood, leaving 32% unaware to ignorance, indifference and other reasons.Policy Implications/RecommendationsLaws and policies guiding land use should be formulated. This should be done to specific areas of the city or town, which is meant for different uses. Areas for residential, commercial, industrial, administrative recreational, etc. purposes should be well spelt out. Also, such laws should he reviewed periodically to meet up the dynamic nature of human society. Where laws guiding the pattern of the land use in a state, town or city exist they should he effectively implemented and enforced to see that the aim of formulating such laws are achieved. We have a society today where the majority is lawless and as such indiscipline prevails.Environmental Auditing, sometimes called military position impact Assessment should be carried out on industries from time to time to make sure that they comply with the environmental safety rules. It should be done peculiarly For industries, which are located around residential areas. This is to check environmental degradation.Both residents and industrialists should be properly enlightened citizens who wish to develop residential houses should be educated properly in order not to site the building in an industrial layout or close by. Also, industrialists should be oriented on how to keep their factories only to the laid-out areas for industrial purposes in order to avoid future environmental problems.ConclusionThis study has x-rayed the perceptions of Benin-City residents towards industrial disturbances. This was evident, as areas, which were delimited for residential purpose have been enveloped by industries and vice versa. This study has also enumerated some of the disturbances caused by industries and suggested possible ways of averting and possibly correcting the ugly trend.ReferencesAdedibu, A. A. (1997). Trends in environmental management of drainage, sewage and significant waste in Kware State. A Paper presented at a workshop organized by Kwara State environmental protection agency. Ilorin.Agahlino, 5. 0 (2000). Troleum exploration and environmental degradation in Nigeria. In Jimoh, H. I. And Ifabiyi, I. P. (Eds) contemporary issues in environmental studies, Ilorin Haytee Press and publishing Co. Ltd.Ajayi, P. S. (1997). Overview of environmental problems in Kwara State Priority for Action. A paper prese nted at a workshop organized by Kwara State environmental protection agency, Ilorin.Akinyele, M. A. (2006). A GIS approach to the study of land degradation Journal of the Nigerian cartographic Association. Vol. 1(1), pp. 7 26.Ajibade, L. T. (2000). The environmental systems In Jimoh. H. I. and Habiyi, I. P. (Eds) contemporaneous Issues in Environmental Studies, IlorinJimoh, H. 1. (2000). Man-environment Interactions In )irnoh, H. 1. And Ifabiyi, I. P. (Eds). Contemporary Issues in Environmental Studies, Ilorin Haytee press and publishing Co. Ltd.Miller, G. T. (1994) Living in the Environment. atomic number 20 Wadworth Publishing Company.Odetunde, 0. J. and Ayeni, A. E. (1998). Environmental protection Salako, W. A et al., (Eds) In Citizenship Education, A concise Approach. lbadan Lad-od Publishers.Odiete, W. 0. (1993)Environmental Impact Assessment for sustainable Development. Environmental News October December,Olorunfemi, J. F., and Jimoh, H. I. (2000). Anthropogenic activities and the environment. In Jimoh, H. I. And Ifabiyi, I. (Eds). Contemporary Issues in Environmental Studies. Ilorin Haytee press and publishing company Ltd.Ozo, A. O. (1988). Perception of Industrial pollution A case study from Benin City. In Sada P.O. and Odemerho F. 0. (eds) Environmental Issues and Management in Nigerian Development. Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited.Uchegbu, S. N. (1998). Environmental management and protection. Enugu Precision Printers and Publishers.Appendix AAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) CalculationsSum of squares within and between groupsSSW=26+266+416+290.67SSW=998.67SSb=Ekenhaun=3(13-13.2)2 = 0.12Ihama/ confines=3-13.2Oregbeni =3(14-13.2) = 1.92Upper Siluko=3(12.3-13.2)=0.75Means sum of squares within (MSW)MSW=SSWN-MMSW=998.67=998.6712-39=110.9111MSb=SSbM-1MSb=2.91=2.91=1.4533-12=1.5F ratio=Greater variance count onLesser variance estimate=998.67=665.781.5Calculated value=665.78ANOVA TABLEAPPENDIX BMultiple Correlation Calculationsr11=1.00Suggestin g a perfect correlationr12=-0.268Suggesting a negative correlationr13=-0.084Suggesting also a negative correlationr14=0.01Suggesting a positive but weak correlationr22=1.00Suggesting a perfect correlationr23=0.38Suggesting a positive correlationr24=0.651Suggesting a positive and strong correlationr34=0.668Suggesting a positive and strong correlationr44=1.00Suggesting a perfect correlation

Chinese Values in Entrepreneurial Attitude

Chinese Values in entrepreneurial stanceMany countries train indicated succeederful entrepreneurship as a major part in a healthy market economy and eventful source of job creation (Hisrich Peter, 1988 Jackson Rod disclose, 1994 Jennings, 1994 Kroon, 2002 North, 2002 Timmons, 1994 Van Aadrt Van Aardt, 1997). The presence of entrepreneurial mentation in living organizations can buoy take place the competitive advantage (Covin and Miles, 1990) and improved financial performance (Goosen, De Coning Smit, 2002)According to the look of Brock and Evans (1986) conclude that small businesses ar contri justed to the scotch learning. In Malaysia and many countries, small firms had played an important role for economic development. in that respect has been minimal research conducted to examine why nigh of the companies that survive, grow and watch are mostly Chinese owner-managers compared to Malay and Indian owner-managers.Several studies perplex revealed that Confucian cu lture has a significant and positive correlation with economic success. These heathen set have significantly influenced the Chinese way of life and personality (Wah, 2002). From the sociological point of view, the family is a basic unit of society for Chinese. In the Chinese Confucianism society, the family is the center of all relationships. Business ownership and management is normally retained within the circle of family members. It is common to find that the Chinese business is normally started by the send-off generation of the family with the intention to be passed down to the second generation or even third generation. Due to lack of research admit on the reason in most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed are mostly Chinese owner-managers. This researches and studies give a way to have a depth find about the Chinese Value towards Entrepreneurial Attitudes druthers.1.3 Research ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to find out the impact on Chinese value tow ards entrepreneurial lieus orientation. To brood the above menti unityd problem the following objectives are derived1.3.1 General objectiveTo identify how the quaternion dimension of Chinese value (integration, human heartedness, Confucian practise energy and righteous jibe) determines the entrepreneurial military positions orientation in Malaysia.1.3.2 Specific objectiveTo examine whether at that place is a significant relationship among integration and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether there is a significant relationship among human heartedness and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether there is a significant relationship amid Confucian work dynamism and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether there is a significant relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether the desegregation, Human heartedness, Confucian work dynamism and Moral discipline is significant rati onalise the variance in Entrepreneurial Attitudes Orientation.1.4 Research questionsargon there any relationship between integration and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between human heartedness and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between Confucian work dynamism and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there integration, Human heartedness, Confucian work dynamism and Moral discipline can be use to explain the variance in Entrepreneurial Attitudes Orientation.1.5 Hypothesis of the studyH1 There is a significant relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H2 There is a significant relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H3 There is a significant relationship between Human-heartedness and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H4 There is a signif icant relationship between Moral Discipline and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H5 The independent variables will significantly explain the variance in Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation.1.6 Significance of the studyNowadays, the role of Chinese entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises has been increasing. Chinese are present in everywhere, businessman in world(prenominal) trade will often find themselves dealing with the Chinese customers. So, a comprehensive understanding of the Chinese value is worthy to all businessman.The splendour of this study will explain the development and validation of the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO), based on Chinese Value gaze (CVS) and specifically designed to forebode entrepreneurship. The (CVS) are apply to access whether an impact towards the entrepreneurs attitude orientation.Despite the importance of small firms in Malaysias economy, there has been minimal research conducted to examine why most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed are mostly Chinese owner-managers as compared to other owner-managers.1.7 Chapter LayoutIn this research report, chapter 1 is the introductions that provide an overview on the background of the phenomena that being study. In general, this chapter will provide a clear understanding of the research affair. It introduces the research background, research objectives and significant of study is to explain the importance of the study.Chapter 2 will be the literature review that proposed the theoretical background of the research topic. This could help the researcher to better understanding of the important variables in this research report. It serves as a perfect of the hypothesis to be tested. Literature review is the based on the empirical research which d unmatched by previously by researcher who has studied existing work and the field with insight.Next, is the chapter 3 research methodology that describes the collection method that is suitable for thi s research report which included the research design, data collection method, sample design, operational definition of retrace valuement scale and the data analysis technique use. By implementing the inhibit sampling method could help to minimize the errors that associated with the research.Following, chapter 4 will present the pattern of the offspring and the analyses of the result which obtain from the descriptive analyses, reliability test and inferential analyses to examine the reliability and the relationship of the variables. Furthermore, the research result that shows the result of the data analysis figures, chart, table and graph are used to present the findings.The last chapter in this research report would be discussion and death that provides discussion of major findings and recommendations for future research. It will provide a whole summary of the whole research project and limitations that researcher faced during the research process.1.8 windupProposed of chapte r 1 is act as a nameation for this research project. It form a brief outlines in separately chapter presented the chapter. In the following chapter, the variables will be further discussed in depth and the proposed conceptual framework will be illustrated.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn previous chapter, research problem, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses of the study have been identified. In this chapter 2, provide a literature review which convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on this research topic and related with the research objectives. It contains the discussions and evaluation of the research topic in this section. Through reviewing the pertinent journals, it provides the foundation to develop a good theoretical framework for the research. in any event that, it allows the research project lead to further identified relationship among the dependent variables and the independent variables and hypotheses testing in order to reach the research objectives.2.1 Review of literatureWe will adopt attitude theoretical come up (Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Hunt, H.K.. 1991a) explaining the development of Chinese entrepreneurs behavior. This is a method of investing entrepreneurial orientated private. Five important entrepreneurial attitudes were identified from literature, execution, self-esteem, personal control, innovation and opportunity recognition. This instrument is called Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS).Besides, we will obtain Chinese Value Survey (CVS) to measure and evaluate ethnic values within the setting of a Chinese social value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. In the CVS consideration is focussed on four dimensions much(prenominal) as Integration, human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline.2.2 Review of Relevant Theoretical ModelAfter read through and through the relevant journals, few theoretical illustrations ar e being found related to the research regarding Chinese values (CV) and Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation (EAO).2.2.1 Chinese Culture values and developmentAccording to Williams (1968), Rokeach (1973), Rokeach, (1973) and Ball-Rokeach (1989), values provide potentially powerful explanations and influence on human behaviors because they serve as the standards or criteria of conduct tend to be restrain in number and are remarkably stable over time (as cited in Fok, V. S. Chong, V.K., 1996). Values establish and reflect expected behaviour and excessively used to enforce sanctions such as blame and praise as rise up as social inclusion and exclusion (Anderson, 2000).Based upon psycho-sociological studies on the significance of cultural values as determinants of human behavior, the two things are related to each other (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstede (1991, p.5) describe culture as the collective programming of the mind that contrastiveiates one group from a nonher group. In early, Hofstedes study suggests that his classic mold view as a traditional quantitative design with four dimension of culture. There are power distance, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity-femininity.However, Hofstede added a fifth dimension named long term orientation in year 2001(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005). Hofstede and alliance (1988) derived that Confucian dynamism as one of the values that contribute to the economic growth in 22 countries during the period 1965 to 1985. Confucian values towards entrepreneurial development in Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan bring the name as four dragons at the same time they hold top five positions in economic growth. more often than not countries are within the Confucian influence circle and their economies have been driven to a large extent by entrepreneurship in the small and medium surface business sectors.Another model act as an improvement on Hofstede classic model (1980 ) is Schwartzs model (1994). It works out to replace Hofstedes dimension of individuality by two dimensions (Autonomy versus Conversation and Hierarchy and Mastery at the cultural level). Furthermore, this model used to eliminate validity and reliability limitation on Hofstedes model as it has proved valid and reliable across cultures when research have taken Schwartzs theory and developed a different instrument. Later, Schwartzs SVS act as a measure instrument which comprises 57 values represent ten dimension at the individual level (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulating, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security) and seven dimension at the cultural level (embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism and harmony)(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005).Chinese cultural values are created from interpersonal relationships and social orientations. The works of Confucius is generally regarde d as the pillars of Chinese cultural values Yang (1972). There are four major studies about Chinese value orientations and development of measuring scales. First study, Ways to Live Survey designed by Morris (1956) consisting of 13 alternative conceptions which included values advocated and defended in the several ethical and religious systems of human societies. Second study found that the jr. generation showed a considerable change different from their parents who pursue on traditional practices, or be influence by friends and change across time. (Lin 1966). restrain study was Chinese Value Survey (CVS) developed by the Chinese Culture Connection (1987). It is an idiographic design which is recognized as more appropriate in cross cultural research and not based on Western social science but used 40-scale items which is the fundamental and basic values for Chinese people. Michael Bond and his colleagues conducted this research aim to develop a new questionnaire with the input from several Chinese social scientists in Hong Kong. CVS consist of four dimensions which are integration, Confucian work dynamism, human-heartedness and moral discipline respectively. This instrument that tapped concerns fundamental to the Chinese world view and identify an additional value indigenous to the Chinese people, which they termed Confucian work dynamism as the principle attributes reflect the teachings of Confucius and the social continuity of an extant civilization of over 2,500 years(as cited in Steven Ward, 2002).Latest study on Chinese values orientation was the Chinese Cultural Values Scale (CCVS) by Yau (1994). It is the only one scale developed for exploring the relationship between Chinese cultural values and consumer attitudes and behaviors. It is nothing related with entrepreneurial attitudes orientation.2.2.2 Chinese Value (CV)Chinese Value is selected to be independent variables in this research. The Chinese Value Survey (referred to as the CVS) was developed by Bond and a group of research workers known collectively as the Chinese Culture Connection in response to their perceived bespeak to measure and evaluate cultural values within the setting of a Chinese social value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. The Confucian ethos has tended towards the ecesis of a dedicated and motivated as well as educated population which manifests a responsible and enhanced sense of commitment to its ideals and institutions as well as to the identity and moral fiber of its organization with the resultant establishment of desirable outcomes (Chang et al., 1997).Values are enduring whimsey of desired end-state of existence or modes of behaviour (Kluckholn, 1951). In psychology, values are operationalized as the guiding principles of a persons behaviour (Schwarts Bilsky, 1990). The values measured by Bond and his colleagues remain universal in nature, but they also include some values which are uniquely Confucian (Hofstede, 1991). Examples are respect for tradition, humility, filial piety, and protecting ones face. This is not to say such values do not exist in Western culture, but rather their implied importance is not as great as in easterly culture. The study used 40-scale items which were identical to those in the study so as to find out different culture dimensions in valuing (Ng, 1982).There are four dimensions of (CVS) such as Integration, Human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline. Integration dimension focuses upon social stability and can be characterized by having tolerance for others. Integration also places importance upon being trustworthy and enjoying a close friendship. It cor dos to Hofstedes power distance dimension which identifies the degree of power distance that is seen as appropriate between a superior and a subordinate. In the organizational context, it can be an indicator of the degree of centralization that is deemed appropriate.Secondly, human-heartedness dimension deals wi th an individuals level of social consciousness or awareness. It is a measure of ones compassion toward others. It is characterized by the need to be kind, forgiving and courteous. In the business setting, it may be viewed as presenting a contrast between the task-oriented and people-oriented styles of management. Human-heartedness also may be viewed as comparable to Hofstedes (1980) masculinity dimension.The third is the Confusion work dynamism, it reflects the teachings of Confucius that emphasize a social hierarchy or organise (Louie, 1980). It can be characterized by a respect for tradition with a strong desire to save face. It also implies a need to order relationships by status and to respect the order of that status. Confucian work dynamism fills a void in the content of Western instruments which, not too surprisingly, do not include Confucian values in their constructs (Hofstede Bond, 1988).Lastly, is the moral discipline. The focus of this dimension is upon keeping onesel f under control in relation to others. It is characterized by the need to be moderate, prudent and adaptable. Following the high road is a part of moral discipline when compared with Hofstedes (1980) IBM research, three of the four CVS dimensions aligned closely with three of the four Hofstede dimensions (Hofstede Bond 1988). The four Hofstedes dimensions namely are 1), individualism 2), masculinity, 3) power distance, and 4) uncertainty avoidance. Although Hofstede did not specify the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial, his culture dimensions are useful in identifying the key elements of culture related to entrepreneurial orientation. All four indices were based on responses to questions framed by Western social scientists.2.2.3 Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and DevelopmentThe previous research has found that various personality and attitudinal constructs in the field of entrepreneurship. Lumpkin and Dess (1996) have defined Entrepreneurial attitude orientatio n (EAO) as the processes, practices, decision-making activities that lead to new entry. Furthermore, Hornaday and Aboud (1971) has mentioned EAO is a set of personal psychological traits, values, attributes and attitudes strongly associated with a motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activities.The six major schools of thought on entrepreneurship were discovered by Barton and Lischeron (1991). These are Great Person School, The Psychological Characteristics School, Classical School, Management School, The Leadership School, and Intrapreneurship School. Each of these schools of thought can be according to its interests in studying personal characteristics, opportunities, management or need for adapting an existing venture. The Psychological Characteristics School has focuses on personality factors and believes that entrepreneurs have unique values and attitudes toward work and life. Beside, Lachman (1980) has suggested that entrepreneurs can differentiate from non-entrepreneurs by personality characteristics such as the people who possess the characteristics entrepreneurs will have higher potential to perform entrepreneurial acts than those who do not possess such characteristics. Based on the three personalities characteristic to distinguish and recognize entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs. First, the personal values such as honesty, duty, responsibility, ethical behavior. Second, risk-taking propensity. Last, the need for achievement (as cited in Barton and Lischeron, 1991).With further empirical supports personality traits contribute to entrepreneurial attitude orientation from McClelland (1961) and Collins, Hanges Locke (2004) asserted that need for achievement is a strong entrepreneurial trait, and Gasse (1985) and Hansemark (2003) found that entrepreneurs often possess a greater internal locus of control than the general population. Brockhous (1982) identified three attributes consistently associated with entrepreneurial behavior are need for achiev ement, internal locus of control, and a risk-taking propensity. Krueger Brazeal, 1994 Erickson, 2002 Frazier Niehm, 2006 have suggested the higher self-efficacy is associated with entrepreneurship and business creation. (as cited in Harris, M. Gibson, S., 2009). However, there are also background factors, which relate to individual personality such as gender (Buttner Rosen, (1989) and education (Storey, 1982) which is also linked to the attitude to establish a business (as cited in Mohammad Shariff, M. N., Basir Saud, M. 2009).According to Ajzen Fishbein (1977), they agreed that the personality theories frequently release its effectiveness in measuring entrepreneurial attitudes. There are still founded some limitations with lacked predictive validity in groups of entrepreneurship and non- entrepreneurship (Sexton and Bowman 1986). It means certain characteristics have differed on variety of characteristics which are supposed to be stable across time and situation according to personality theory. The possible reasons to explain the limitation are the instruments lack adequate reliability and validity and people are change across time or situation.In order to deal with the limitation on personality mode entrepreneur research works out attitude model to correct inadequacy of psychological models based on personality. Olson and Bosserman (1984), Gasse (1986), Sexton (1987) have found that attitude in conjunction with entrepreneurship. The concept of attitude is a dynamic interactive way of relating to the environment in conjunction with a specific person, place, thing, event, bodily function, idea or lifestyle. The dynamic nature of the concept implies that it changes across time and from situation to situation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991a). . Ajzen (1982), Rosenberg and Hovland (1960) Shaver (1987) has stated that attitude is the predisposition to respond in a generally favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to the object of the attitude. In addition, Allport (1935), Breckler (1983 and 1984), Carlson (1985), Kothandapani (1970) and others categorized attitude as the tripartite model consisting of three types of reaction to everything affect, cognition, and conation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991b).The following research conducted by Robinson, P.B., Stimppson, D.V., Heufner, J.C. Hunt, K.N. (1991), they has adopted this attitudinal theoretical approach explaining the behavioral tendencies of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS) is one method of investigating entrepreneurial orientated individuals provide valid measurement based on attitude theory. Hence, this scale is used to distinguish entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs with the four important entrepreneurial attitudes included Achievement, Self-Esteem, Personal Control and Innovation. The four sub-scales described as Achievement in creating a business, Perceived self esteem as denotation of self-evaluated competence in business affairs, Perception of personal control and influence over business incentives, and Innovation by acting upon business incentives. Each of the sub-scales is report to be the product of the three theoretical attitudinal behavioural components of cognition (belief and thoughts), affection (positive or negative conviction) and conative Behaviour (intentions and actions).Furthermore, another model came out after the attitudinal approach called entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR) by Covin Slevin, (1989). Both of the researchers have gave more attention to incorporate specific situational factors related to the emotions, cognition, behaviourial action germane to a specific environmental stimulus instead of attitudinal measures. The literature has developed a study that an association of opportunity recognition with the concept of entrepreneurship (as cited in McCline, R.L., Bhat, S. Baj, P., 2000).2.2.4 Entrepreneurs Attitude Orientation (EAO)Entrepreneurial attitude orientation (EAO) is the dependent variable in our research project. Bygrave and Hofer (1991, p.14) define an entrepreneur as . . . someone who perceives an opportunity and creates an organization to pursue it. In formulating issue policy recommendations, entrepreneurship act as the creation of new independent businesses (Vesper, 1983, p.1). Founder of a new business and started the business before others also can employ as an entrepreneurs (Gartner, 1985). The term has been used to define a wide range of activities such as creation, founding, adapting, and managing a venture. Entrepreneurship is not only associated with the formation of new firms, but also with entrepreneurial action in the sense of starting something new (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999).Attitude is known as a part of personality that is supported by belief and is able to arouse emotions that investigate specific behaviors (Oppenheim, 2 000). There are some research revealed that attitude is an important factor of an individual success in entrepreneurship. This is because a self-made entrepreneurs is said to be influenced and stimulated by the individual own attitude. In this research, the attitude approach is the best way to explain the success of an entrepreneur because it links the individual and the ever-changing attitudinal object (Kuratko and Hodgetts 2004 Robinson et al. 1991a). Attitudes can therefore also be changed purposely to be more favorable towards entrepreneurship.Attitude does not appear as a single aspect, but is connected to other aspects of an individual (Oppenheim, 2000). According to Oppenheim, an individual has several extraordinary characteristics that portray his or her personality. Therefore, a person need a true and positive attitude to choose and participated to become happy entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005). Entrepreneurial attitude orientation is the studies of entrepreneuri al personality characteristics. The work of Robinson, Stimpson, Huefner, and Hunt (1991) was one of the first to integrate an attitude scale to predict entrepreneurial activity. (Robinson et al., 1991b) adopted this theoretical approach to investigate entrepreneurial oriented individual by explaining the development of the behaviour. Robinson et al. (1991a) developed the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) model based on the four dimensions of achievement, innovation, personal control, and self esteem in business.The first dimension, need for achievement, is an important determining factor in choosing entrepreneurship as a career. The individual desire for appreciation corresponds to the needed motivation for becoming a successful entrepreneur is high (Davidson 1995 McClelland 1961 Moorman and Halloran 1993). The individual that possesses this need is said to be inclined in exploratory confinements and be able to become a very successful entrepreneur (McClelland, 1961). This is some characteristic such as, increases self-satisfaction, readiness in facing challenges, and the freedom to determine the amount of effort needed to succeed in the chosen field.The second dimension is internal locus of control. It is an individual attitude in handling his or her daily affairs influences his decisions and actions. Thus, ones internal locus of control is ones belief in ones ability to control ones future, self-confidence, commitment, and creativity, among many other things. Past research has down-played this attitude in determining individuals involvement level in entrepreneurship (Hisrich and Peters 1998). The characteristic of combat is essential because it is able to provide confidence, commitment, and determination, thus enabling an individual to persevere with his or her choice of entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005)The third dimensions is innovative behaviour, it is commonly view as the key to continuous entrepreneurship (Johnson, 1994), and has bee n presented as the main criterion for entrepreneur activity (Schumpter, 1983 Miller and Friesen, 1982). According to (Carland, 1984) the entrepreneurial individual is characterized principally by innovative behaviour. Innovation activity includes creating new products, methods, markets or a new organization. It relates to perceiving and acting upon business activities in new and unique ways (Drucker 1985).The forth dimensions is self-esteem which is associated with feelings about oneself. It is an important construct of personality for researches because perceptions of others about self esteem may influence individuals outcomes (Strauss 2005). Perceived self-esteem in business is pertaining to the self-confidence and perceived competency of an individual in conjunction with his or her business affairs. Self-esteem is associated with feelings about oneself (Hogg and Cooper, 2003) and self-efficacy (as part of self-esteem) is defined as belief in capability to perform the task (Chen e t al., 1998). Entrepreneurship literature has also found that persons who believe that their skill and ability set is adequate for achieving success with a new venture are motivated to exert the necessary effort (Douglas and Shepherd, 2000).The fifth dimension is known as opportunity recognition. Venkatraman (1997) noted that it is one thing to be aware that entrepreneurial opportunities exist, but a significantly different matter to know how to exploit these opportunities. There must be something quite unique about the entrepreneurial individual that gives him or her the propensities to gain economically in the midst of the change, chaos and confusion that tend to foster the emergence of entrepreneurs (Schumpeter, 1976 Stevenson, 1983). Opportunity recognition can known as perceiving possibility for new profit through the founding and formation of a new venture or significant impromevent of an existing venture (Christensen, Madsen Peterson, 1989).2.3 Proposed Theoretical/ Conceptu al FrameworkIn this section, the interrelationship among each variable will be discussedTheoretical Framework Factors that affect the Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationEntrepreneurial Attitude OrientationNeed for achievement locale of controlInnovationSelf esteemOpportunity RecognitionChinese ValueIntegrationHuman heartednessConfucian work dynamismMoral disciplineFigure 2.1 Theoretical Framework2.3.1 Relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationIntegration is an index of the degree of tolerance, harmony and friendship a society endorses, at the expense of competitiveness, it has a broadly integrative, socially stabilizing emphasis (The Chinese Culture Connection, 1987). It has significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. Integration refers to the compatibility of decision making among various departments in the organization. It includes the use of interdepartmental committees for joint decision making, task forces which are tempor ary bodies set up to facilitate interdepartmental collaboration on a specific project and liaison personnel whose specific job is to coordinate the efforts of several departments for purposes of specific product (Miller Danny, 1983). Integration assumes importance as in large firms there is a need for a coordinated effort to remain focused in pursuit of objectives of the firm.2.3.2 Relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationConfucian dynamism is having a significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. The c

Evaluating a Website for Credibility

Evaluating a Web settle for CredibilityIntroductionThe website selected to be discussed in this paper is the Centers for Disease guard and Prevention (CDC-http//www.cdc.gov/).The CDC is the national health system that promotes health systems, search data, new onset of interrogation, safety of the general population, and other life-threatening issues that stern lead to death. The CDC operates the department of Health and Human ServicesPurpose of the websiteIt is the main online knowledge channel for users, and it has credible, reliable health information on data and statistics, diseases, injury, work place safety, environmental health, travelers information and pertinent issues. The website is intended to provide valuable health and safety information to individuals about health, public health professionals, healthcare providers, researchers, policy makers, media, students, and educators (CDC 2014).Search EngineThe search engine used to locate the website is the internet explo rer. The domain of the website retrieved is www.cdc.gov (CDC, 2014).RationaleThe reason why this website aroused this writers attention is the due its presbyopic history as a premier leader in advocating for public health issues, health promotion, prevention and alertness agencies. The site provides information relevant for family members, health professionals, immunizations, travelers, researchers, various communities and many others. This writer evoke clearly apply information in the practice setting and also recommend it to patients. The URL identified for the site is http//www.cdc.gov (CDC, 2014).Authority about the WebsiteThe website is the official government site operating under the incision of Health and Human Services, and one of its goal is to serve users with accurate, peer suss out and current scientific findings. The United States Office of Management and Budget sets the guidelines and standards for peer review. The organization has strict standards to ensure accura te and reliable research and information. The website list the documentation of the authors on the information on the articles retrieved (CDC, 2014).Information about the WebsiteThe CDCs website has in place of information quality guidelines in order to maintain and provide users with laid-back quality information. The Office and the Associate director of Science (OADS) and the Office of Scientific integrity focuses on implementing these guidelines, laws, policies related to the quality, integrity, ethics and morals of the science at CDC .The information on the site is revised and regularly updated with current research and peer reviewed information (CDC, 2014).Objectivity of the WebsiteAs aforementioned, CDC website is a government sponsored site and is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. The OADS establishes the guidelines and endorses peer review practices to ensure that funding for research and projects are based on fair, unbiased, and transparent review proce ss. The organization aims to get an target evaluation of scientific information from fellow scientists (CDC, 2014).Ease of NavigationThe website is user friendly and easily navigated .The newly designed website is genuinely(prenominal) friendly to those who are non technologically savvy, quick to download and has printer-friendly information easily accessible to those who need to print. Patients can print out such documents and discuss with their physician or they can use the information personally. This government site is regulated by several policies. Few of the policies noned are Plain policy answer and the Rehabilitation Act as a federal agency. These policies ensure that browsers can read and understand information and that the information is accessible to all people of any disability (CDC, 2014). hiding and Security PoliciesThe CDC site is regulated by the U.S government and protected by Title 18 of the U.S Code, web privacy policy and the HIPPA law. Unauthorized attemp t to trade information on the website may be dealt with the law of the land. The site is committed to maintaining the privacy of users information with respect to collection, use and disclosure of personally information. The site does not request personal identifiable information before browsing however it does collect information about viewers beat date of visit and pages reviewed. The data collected is for a short period and helps the site to collectively measure the number of visitors and improve the performance and experience. This government website does not disclose, give and sell any personal information about visitors unless required by law. Information provided to the site will not be given to threesome parties or private organizations. The website provides its users with unbiased, quality credible, peer reviewed information (CDC, 2014).Empirical evidence The CDC website is credible and recommendable to individuals, patients and professional about the health, environmen t, traveling, or simply to educate ones self. One article retrieved from the site reviewed persistent decline in depression treatment after FDA issued a warning about the risk of suicide for paediatric patients taking antidepressants. The studying findings reported that physician visits did not increase there was also a large roll over to the adult population which was not the target of cautioning. The study recommended new policies to track the unintended consequences of reduced depression treatment (Libby, Orton, Valuck 2009). The second article reviewed antimicrobial resistant pathogens associated with healthcare associated infections (HAIs) reported to the subject field pencil eraser Network (NHSN) from 2009 -2010. The study surveyed the use of antimicrobials and the effectiveness and the results indicated that studies of the nature are very important and beneficial to the nursing profession.SummaryThe centers for disease and control provides very valuable resource to the nur sing profession and it helps nurses with evidenced based information, data analysis and as a resource to nurses. First nurses are able to cause enough access to any health care information and data that will help them with evidence based research and the practicability of the profession. Nursing research has developed over the years and based on the research today, nurses have stopped unhealthy practices and the use of standard precautions has been very beneficial to nurses. Hand slipstream for instance has saved lives and the use of antibiotic soaps have reduced the rate of infections drastically. Also, the use of the data from the CDC website is an important resource for nurse educators and researchers. The information gathered on this website is valuable tool that nursing researchers can use for comparative studies and educators can also use it for instructional purposes. Another important fact is that the CDC website has lifesaving information that nurses can refer to during m ajor disasters. Through the department of health and human services nurses have access to a wide range of vital statistics.In conclusion, the CDC website has been very beneficial to nurses and the general health care profession due to the accessibility to credible data and the enormous services offered to the entire population through research findings.ReferencesLibby, A. M., Orton, H. D., Valuck, R. J. (2009). Persisting decline in depression treatmentafter FDA warnings. Archives of general psychiatry, 66(6), 633-639doi10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.46.Sievert, D. M., Ricks, P., Edwards, J. R., Schneider, A., Patel, J., Srinivasan, A. Fridkin, S.(2013). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associatedinfections summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, 20092010. Infection Control and HospitalEpidemiology, 34(1), 1-14 DOI 10.1086/668770http//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668770

Graduation Speech: Remain in Christ :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Its been great attending County Christian School. Where else do students walk into civilise at 755 and receive a instill of hot chocolate and a cookie? Then, after third period, Mr. Obrastoff combs our hair and sings to us. It really has been a delightful place to go to school. In all seriousness, we subscribe been blessed to go to this school. We consider been looked after and protected. Now, we prepare for the real world. We will be facing new temptations and challenges. Its non like as soon as we walk out these doors after receiving our diploma theres going to be a line of rough-looking guys who are going to be saying, Hey Ill give you ten million dollars if you go rob that bank, or Hey, do you want to join the mafia? Its not going to be like that. However, once we are out from the protection of our school and families, it will be between just God and us. Our society today will be encouraging infidelity, lying, and substance abuse. Self-centeredness will be the paramount vie wpoint. For those of you who are going on to another Christian community, I challenge you to be the different ones. Christian groups too often say, yeah, praise God, and then not always walk in His steps. They see Christianity as just obeying the big rules instead of a daily faith relationship with God. They might even enquire you to do subtle things that modernize Gods rules. Take that extra step and really be a leader. Be the one person that everyone can look up to and say that you have the love of Jesus in your heart. Show them that you are truly on fire for God. For those of you who are going on to a layperson society, I challenge you to remain in Christ and try to find some Christian friends. You are going to be in a ill environment. Most people wont believe the same things as you. People will not only be asking you to do little things that will break Gods rules, but also things that seem big. You need to stand up for your beliefs and show them that you are different. This means you cant be afraid to say no, thats not right, but repute you cant resist temptations on your own, you need God working openly in your life. If you find a good group of Christians, it will also help you to have someone to hold you accountable and fellowship with.

Black Supremacy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Black Supremacy     Through break history, white anglo-saxons have been notorious formistreating all races other than its own. Malcolm X felt "the white small-arm hadbeen actually nothing but a piratical opportunist who used Faustian machinationsto make his own Christianity his initial wedge in criminal conquests"(563). The hu macrocosm beings is burdened by the white man That is the true meaning of what Malcolm Xis stating the words Faustian machinations, meaning evil plotting, implies thewhole white population is out for the blood of other races. Many members of theblack race are adopting the idea of Afrocentricity some call it black pride, Icall it black supremacy. Afrocentricists are reinforcement their ideas withreligion and the need for liberation.     The liberation of the black man is needed Molefi Asante describes "theAfrocentric awareness as the total commitment to African liberation anywhereany everywhere by a consiste nt determined effort to even off any psychic, economic,physical, or cultural damage done to Africans"(50). Liberation from what...thewhite race? Molefis statement is solely ludicrous the first copy of hisbook with this statement was printed in 1988, in my opinion blacks were fairlyliberated in 1988. Now the second part of his statement, repair what damage?Any psychic damage which has been thrust upon the black race has not occurredfor quite some time slavery...not in my lifetime nor separate bathrooms werein my lifetime. And I am not about to feel sorry about what happened before mytime. Economic damage is not the white mans fault either. In this daylight anyonecan do whatever he/she likes. The truth to the economic matter is that many ofthe "oppressed" races feel they now deserve a free ride. suddenly no physicaldamage has occurred in my lifetime. As for as cultural damage, cultures evolve,they do not get damaged. Clearly all liberation of the black man has alreadyo ccurred, therefore, there is know further need for reimbursement.     The white race is evil Further, the Afrocentric cause attempts to usereligion to denounce the white race as heathens according the Yakub myth, "thecolour black...is the primal colour other colours, consequently, are merelyshades of black, except for white, which is the absence... ...d are calling it liberation. No, the human race willnever learn from history we will just repeat it. The main question is willtheir ever be racial harmony in the world? I just dont know.          "We shall have our manhood. We shall have it or the earth willbe leveled          by our attempts to gain it."                                        --EldridgeCleaverWorks C itedAsante, Molefi. Afrocentricity. Trenton Africa WP, 1992. Cleaver, Eldridge.Soul on Ice. reinvigorated York McGraw-Hill, 1968. Davies, Alan. InfectedChristianity A Study of Modern Racism. Montreal     Mcgill-Queens UP, 1988. Perry, Bruce, ed. Malcolm X The LastSpeeches. New York Pathfinder, 1989. X, Malcolm. "Learning to Read." rpt.in Rereading America. ed. Gary Colombo,     Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston Bedford Books, 1992.

Phosphorous Nutrient Deficiency :: essays research papers fc

Phosphorous Nutrient Deficiency of Sunflowers, Helianthus annuusAbstract The objective of this try was to determine whether or not a complete nutrient solution would have increased stem width, height, and finger length comp ared to 25% phosphorous. My hypothesis was that sunflowers with a complete solution of nutrients would have the same growth compared to sunflowers with 25% phosphorous inadequateness. The experiment was conducted by setting up two groups of sunflower seeds, control and treatment. individually group contained five seeds. The nutrients were added when the seeds had germinated. The controls were treated with a complete nutrient solution, whereas the treatment was treated with 25% phosphorous deficiency. Both groups were watered regularly with the nutrient solutions until return time. The measurements of both groups were taken periodically. During harvest time, the healthiest plant in each pot was measured for stem width (mm), height (cm), and leaf length (mm). The results indicated that there was no significant change in the controls and treatments because the p-values of all three types of measurements were greater than 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted. Despite the insignificant results, observations and measurements of growth in both groups of sunflowers in basis of stem widths, lengths, and leaf lengths suggested that the presence or absence of phosphorous did influence the plant growths.Introduction The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of nutrient deficiency in sunflower, H. annuus. My null hypothesis was that sunflower plants that were treated with a complete nutrient solution would be the same as plants that were 25% deficient in phosphorous. My alternate hypothesis was that sunflower plants with a complete nutrient treatment would have increased growth compared to plants with phosphorous deficiency with respect to stem height, width, and leaf length. Phosphorous is an essential nutrient fo r root formation, flowering, fruiting and ripening (Gayle et al. 2001). Ten elements that are required for normal growth in plants are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, due north, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron. The absence of whatever one of these elements causes plants to display characteristic abnormalities of growth known as deficiency symptoms. Often such plants do not reproduce normally (Raven et al. 1999). One cerebrate why phosphorous is essential in plants is because it is responsible for the general health and vigor of all plants. Some specific growth factors that have been associated with phosphorus are stimulated root development, increased stalk and stem strength, improved flower formation and seed production, more uniform and earlier crop maturity, increased nitrogen N-fixing capacity of legumes, improvements in crop quality, and increased resistance to plant diseases (Webb 2002).